GM-CSF Protein, Mouse (CHO)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is produced by a variety of cell types including T cells, macrophages, endothelial cells and fibroblasts upon receiving immune stimuli. It is an important hematopoietic growth factor and immune modulator. GM-CSF also has profound effects on the functional activities of various circulating leukocytes. GM-CSF stimulates multipotent progenitor cells depending on its concentration, the proliferation of macrophage progenitors at the lowest doses, followed by granulocyte, erythroid, eosinophil, megakaryocyte and multipotent progenitors. It also stimulates the differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells and controls eosinophil function in some instances^[1][2]. GM-CSF also enhances the functionality of mature cells, such as neutrophils. In neutrophils, GM-CSF potentiates degranulation, the release of oxygen and nitrogen radical ions, phagocytosis, and inhibits apoptosis^[3]. GM-CSF inhibition in some animal models of autoimmune diseases showed significant beneficial effects^[4]. GM-CSF also has many pro-inflammatory functions and recent data implicates GM-CSF as a key factor in Th17 driven autoimmune inflammatory conditions^[5].