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IL-1 alpha Protein, Human

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Based on 5 publication(s) in Google Scholar

IL-1 alpha is a ubiquitous and pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine. IL-1 alpha is produced by monocytes and macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed and released in response to cell injury, and thus induces apoptosis. IL-1 alpha plays an important role in inflammation and bridges the innate and adaptive immune systems. IL-1 alpha mediates the activation of NF-kappa-B and the three MAPK pathways p38, p42/p44 and JNK pathways. IL-1 alpha protein, Human is a recombinant protein consisting of 159 amino acids (S113-A271) and is produced by E. coli.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
  • Species: Human
  • Source: E. coli
  • Storage:
    Stored at -20°C for 2 years from date of receipt. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • IL-1 alpha Protein, Human Product Image
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  • Biological Activity
  • Technical Parameters
  • Product Properties
  • Documentation
  • References
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Biological Activity

Description

IL-1 alpha is a ubiquitous and pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine. IL-1 alpha is produced by monocytes and macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed and released in response to cell injury, and thus induces apoptosis. IL-1 alpha plays an important role in inflammation and bridges the innate and adaptive immune systems. IL-1 alpha mediates the activation of NF-kappa-B and the three MAPK pathways p38, p42/p44 and JNK pathways[1][4]. IL-1 alpha protein, Human is a recombinant protein consisting of 159 amino acids (S113-A271) and is produced by E. coli.

Background

IL-1 alpha (interleukin-1 alpha) is a major agonist of IL-1. IL-1α is present in all mesenchymal cells in particular, cells rich in IL-1α constitute tissues with a barrier function, such as keratinocytes in the skin, type 2 epithelial cells in the lung, the epithelium of the entire gastrointestinal tract, endothelial cells in blood vessels, and astrocytes in the brain[1]. The precursor of IL-1α (ProIL-1α) is processed by the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain (including caspase-1) into the mature 17 kDa form and the 16 kDa N-terminal cleavage product – the propiece of IL-1α, also termed IL-1α N-terminal peptide (IL-1NTP). The latent form of calpain is activated in cells under inflammatory conditions and especially upon loss of plasma membrane integrity, which occurs during necrosis. pro-IL-1α and mature IL-1α bind to IL-1R and induces the secretion of IL-6 and TNF[5]. IL-1α acts as an ‘alarmin’ and as a primum movens of tissue inflammation[1]. IL-1 alpha trigger inflammation in a pathway initiated through Myd88 activation and culminated in NF-κB–induced transcription of inflammatory genes[2]. IL-1 alpha inhibits differentiation of preadipocytes and lipid accumulation[3]. IL-1 alpha induces apoptosis and inhibits the osteoblast differentiation[4].

In Vitro

IL-1 alpha (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 ng/mL; 5 days) significantly reduces the cell viability in MC3T3-E1 cells[4].
IL-1 alpha (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 ng/mL 24 h) decreases the ALP and caspase-3 activity in MC3T3-E1 cells, increases the expression of Bax and caspase-3 mRNA and protein level in a dose-dependent manner, decreases the mRNA expression and the protein levels of Runx2, ALP, OSX and OCN; induces apoptosis[4].

In Vivo

IL-1 alpha (10 µg/kg; i.p.) significantly increases the TG (triglyceride) level at 12 h in serum in C57BL/6J male mice[3].
IL-1 alpha (1, 10, 100 ng/mL; 8 days) inhibits differentiation of preadipocytes and lipid accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 cells[3].

Verified Bioactivity

1.The ED50 is <1.0 pg/mL as measured by murine D10S cells, corresponding to a specific activity of >1.0 × 109 units/mg.
2.Measured in a cell proliferation assay using D10.G4.1 mouse helper T cells. The ED50 for this effect is ≤5.562 pg/mL, corresponding to a specific activity is ≥1.79× 108 units/mg.
3.Measured in a cell proliferation assay using CTLL-2 cells. The ED50 for this effect is 10.95 pg/mL, corresponding to a specific activity is 91.32×106 units/mg.
4.Measured by its ability to down regulate the expression of CCN2 in NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The ED50 for this effect is <30 pg/mL.

Technical Parameters

  • Species Human
  • Source E. coli
  • Tag Tag Free
  • Accession

    P01583 (S113-A271)

  • Gene ID
    3552  [NCBI]
  • Molecular Construction
    • N-term
    • IL-1α (S113-A271)
      Accession # P01583
    • C-term
  • Protein Length

    Full Length of Mature Protein

  • Synonyms

    IL1A; IL-1A; Prev. IL1; Preinterleukin 1 Alpha; IL1F1; Interleukin-1 Alpha; Hematopoietin-1; IL-1 Alpha; IL1-ALPHA; Interleukin 1 Alpha; Pro-Interleukin-1-Alpha

  • AA Sequence

    SAPFSFLSNVKYNFMRIIKYEFILNDALNQSIIRANDQYLTAAALHNLDEAVKFDMGAYKSSKDDAKITVILRISKTQLYVTAQDEDQPVLLKEMPEIPKTITGSETNLLFFWETHGTKNYFTSVAHPNLFIATKQDYWVCLAGGPPSITDFQILENQA

  • Predicted Molecular Mass

    18 kDa

  • Molecular Weight

    Approximately 17 kDa, based on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.

  • Purity

    ≥ 95%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Product Properties

Appearance

Lyophilized powder

Formulation

1.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of 20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5.
2.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of PBS, pH 7.4.
3.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of 50 mM Tris-HCl, 300 mM NaCl, 200 mM arginine, pH 8.0.
4.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of PBS, pH 7.4, 8% trehalose.
Please refer to the lot-specific COA for specific buffer information.
Note: For SPR assay, please replace the buffer. Primary amine components (e.g., Tris, imidazole) can affect protein-coupled chips.

Endotoxin Level

<1 EU/μg, determined by LAL method.

Reconstitution

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in ddH2O. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS or 5% Trehalose).

Storage & Stability

Stored at -20°C for 2 years from date of receipt. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

References

[1]. Cavalli G, et al. Interleukin 1α: a comprehensive review on the role of IL-1α in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2021 Mar;20(3):102763. [Content Brief]

[2]. Wu T, et al. Involvement of p38 and p42/44 MAP kinases and protein kinase C in the interferon-gamma and interleukin-1alpha-induced phosphorylation of 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Cytokine. 2004 Jan 7;25(1):11-20. [Content Brief]

[3]. Um JY, et al. Functional polymorphism of IL-1 alpha and its potential role in obesity in humans and mice. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e29524. [Content Brief]

[4]. Guo C, et al. IL-1α induces apoptosis and inhibits the osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. Int J Mol Med. 2016 Jul;38(1):319-27. [Content Brief]

[5]. Malik A,et al. Function and regulation of IL-1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunol Rev. 2018 Jan;281(1):124-137. [Content Brief]

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Calculators

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The Specific Activity Calculator Equation
  • Specific Activity (Unit/mg)
  • Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) = 106 ÷ Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) Specific Activity (Unit/mg)
Unit/mg
= 106 ÷
Biological Activity (ED50) Biological Activity (ED50)
106 ÷
ng/mL
MOQ
Minimum order quantity
100 mg

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Measured by its ability to inhibit anti-CD3-induced proliferation of stimulated CTLL-2 mouse cytotoxic T cells. The ED50 this effect is 0.8023 μg/ml, corresponding to a specific activity is 1246.42 units/mg.

Assay Types
  • 1/16

    MedChemExpress Validation
     ≥ 95%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

  • 1/16

    MedChemExpress Validation
     Measured in a cell proliferation assay using CTLL-2 cells. The ED50 for this effect is 10.95 pg/mL, corresponding to a specific activity is 91.32×106 units/mg.

  • 1/16

    IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Aug 21;323(Pt 1):147047. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Western blot analysis showing the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in HDF cells . CK: cytokine cocktail containing IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human) (10 ng/mL; 24 h) and IL-4.

  • 1/16

    IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncol Rep. 2023 Aug;50(2):148. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Flow cytometric analysis in the Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assay to determine the ratio of apoptotic PANC-1 cells following ST2825 treatment combined with IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human) (10 ng/mL; 24 h). The results demonstrated that IL‑1α pretreatment for 24 h significantly reversed ST2825‑induced apoptosis.

  • 1/16

    IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncol Rep. 2023 Aug;50(2):148. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     IHC analysis of phosphorylated-p65 expression in the tumors of the groups in negative control, ST2825 (ST), ST after IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human) (10 ng/mL; 1 week) and ST + AKT1). The results showed that the level of phosphorylated p65 decreased in the ST2825 group relative to the negative control group. This reduction was partially reversed in ST2825-treated cells with IL‑1α pretreatment, whereas no such reversal was observed in the ST2825 + AKT1 group.

  • 1/16

    IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncol Rep. 2023 Aug;50(2):148. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Image of each nude mouse and its hypodermic tumor in four groups (the mice treated with negative control, ST2825, ST after IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human) (10 ng/mL; 1 week) and ST + AKT1).

  • 1/16

    IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncol Rep. 2023 Aug;50(2):148. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Western blot analysis of NC and IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human)‑treated (10 ng/mL for 1 week) cells. The results of western blot analysis demonstrated that IL-1α increased the level of phosphorylated p65 and phosphorylated akt1, and reduced the expression of p21. NC, negative control.

  • IL-1 alpha Protein, Human Product Image
    1/16
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for IL-1 alpha Protein, Human
  • IL-1 alpha Protein, Human Product Image

  • IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Aug 21;323(Pt 1):147047. [Abstract]

    Western blot analysis showing the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in HDF cells . CK: cytokine cocktail containing IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human) (10 ng/mL; 24 h) and IL-4.

  • IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncol Rep. 2023 Aug;50(2):148. [Abstract]

    Flow cytometric analysis in the Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis assay to determine the ratio of apoptotic PANC-1 cells following ST2825 treatment combined with IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human) (10 ng/mL; 24 h). The results demonstrated that IL‑1α pretreatment for 24 h significantly reversed ST2825‑induced apoptosis.

  • IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncol Rep. 2023 Aug;50(2):148. [Abstract]

    IHC analysis of phosphorylated-p65 expression in the tumors of the groups in negative control, ST2825 (ST), ST after IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human) (10 ng/mL; 1 week) and ST + AKT1). The results showed that the level of phosphorylated p65 decreased in the ST2825 group relative to the negative control group. This reduction was partially reversed in ST2825-treated cells with IL‑1α pretreatment, whereas no such reversal was observed in the ST2825 + AKT1 group.

  • IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncol Rep. 2023 Aug;50(2):148. [Abstract]

    Image of each nude mouse and its hypodermic tumor in four groups (the mice treated with negative control, ST2825, ST after IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human) (10 ng/mL; 1 week) and ST + AKT1).

  • IL-1 alpha Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oncol Rep. 2023 Aug;50(2):148. [Abstract]

    Western blot analysis of NC and IL-1α (HY-P7027, IL-1 alpha Protein, Human)‑treated (10 ng/mL for 1 week) cells. The results of western blot analysis demonstrated that IL-1α increased the level of phosphorylated p65 and phosphorylated akt1, and reduced the expression of p21. NC, negative control.