Cat. No.: HY-113298

Citraconic acid

(Synonyms: Methylmaleic acid)

6 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 6 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Citraconic acid (Methylmaleic acid) is an orally active inhibitor targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Citraconic acid reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Citraconic acid also modifies the conformation of Keap1 protein, relieves its inhibition of Nrf2, promotes antioxidant gene expression, and inhibits NLRP3 activation and the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18. Citraconic acid has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, can reduce oxidative stress and cell pyroptosis, improve tissue damage, and can be used for the research of inflammation-related diseases such as acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Citraconic acid is an isomer of Itaconic acid (HY-Y052).

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.08%
CAS No.: 498-23-7
Formula: C₅H₆O₄
Molecular Weight:130.10

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month

Citraconic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 498-23-7

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (6)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

NLRP3

All NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Isoforms :

In Vitro

Hydrogel preparation and enzyme immobilization experiments:
Citraconic acid (molar ratio of acrylamide to 1:3; polymerization reaction time 24 h) can be used to prepare chitosan-polyacrylamide-citraconic acid semi-IPN hydrogels and significantly improve the hydrogel swelling rate (240%-400%). The yield of lipase immobilization in the encapsulation method is high^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Citraconic acid (50 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; once a day; 3 days) significantly reduces the levels of serum creatinine (Cr), urea (Urea) and cystatin C (Cys-C) in the rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model, alleviates renal tubular epithelial cell damage, inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative stress, and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β and IL-18 release^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Sprague-Dawley rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model (250-300 g，8-10 weeks old)^[1]
Dosage:

50 mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, once daily for 3 consecutive days, starting 3 days before ischemia-reperfusion surgery
Result:

Significantly improved renal function compared to the ischemia-reperfusion (IRI) group.
Decreased Serum Cr from 1.82 ± 0.23 mg/dL (IRI) to 1.25 ± 0.18 mg/dL, urea from 72.3 mg/dL to 51.6 mg/dL, and Cys-C from 1.57 ± 0.19.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 498-23-7
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 130.10
Formula C₅H₆O₄
Color White to off-white
SMILES

O=C(O)/C(C)=C\C(O)=O
Synonyms

Methylmaleic acid
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Microorganisms
- Endogenous metabolite
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Publications (6)

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Journal Impact Factor

Nature

Lithocholic acid phenocopies anti-ageing effects of calorie restriction. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227
Cell Host Microbe

Immunometabolic reprogramming of macrophages by gut microbiota-derived cadaverine controls colon inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 30:S1931-3128(25)00375-0. PMID: 41033313
Sci Immunol

Citraconate preserves T cell stemness and antitumor immunity. [Abstract]

2026 May;11(119):eadz0348. PMID: 42066062
Cell Rep

4-octyl itaconate inhibits cytokine-mediated inflammation via alkylation of TYK2 and JAK1. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 30;45(4):117179. PMID: 41915469
Cell Rep

4-octyl itaconate as a metabolite derivative inhibits inflammation via alkylation of STING. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 28;42(3):112145. PMID: 36862550
Food Funct

Sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumber mitigate acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice via citraconic acid-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 26;17(2):1074-1092. PMID: 41527470

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (768.64 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (768.64 mM)

* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

7.6864 mL

38.4320 mL

76.8639 mL

5 mM

1.5373 mL

7.6864 mL

15.3728 mL

10 mM

0.7686 mL

3.8432 mL

7.6864 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.22 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.22 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (19.22 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (278 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Tang B, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury after itaconic acid and its isomers treatment by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). 2024.

[2]. Strelko CL, et al. Itaconic acid is a mammalian metabolite induced during macrophage activation. J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Oct 19;133(41):16386-9. [Content Brief]

[3]. Pulat M, et al. Lipase release through semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels based on chitosan, acrylamide, and citraconic acid. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2014 Apr;42(2):121-7. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO / H₂O	1 mM	7.6864 mL	38.4320 mL	76.8639 mL	192.1599 mL
	5 mM	1.5373 mL	7.6864 mL	15.3728 mL	38.4320 mL
	10 mM	0.7686 mL	3.8432 mL	7.6864 mL	19.2160 mL
	15 mM	0.5124 mL	2.5621 mL	5.1243 mL	12.8107 mL
	20 mM	0.3843 mL	1.9216 mL	3.8432 mL	9.6080 mL
	25 mM	0.3075 mL	1.5373 mL	3.0746 mL	7.6864 mL
	30 mM	0.2562 mL	1.2811 mL	2.5621 mL	6.4053 mL
	40 mM	0.1922 mL	0.9608 mL	1.9216 mL	4.8040 mL
	50 mM	0.1537 mL	0.7686 mL	1.5373 mL	3.8432 mL
	60 mM	0.1281 mL	0.6405 mL	1.2811 mL	3.2027 mL
	80 mM	0.0961 mL	0.4804 mL	0.9608 mL	2.4020 mL
	100 mM	0.0769 mL	0.3843 mL	0.7686 mL	1.9216 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Keywords

Citraconic acid

6 Cited Publications

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Citraconic acid

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Citraconic acid

All NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (6)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Citraconic acid Related Classifications

HY-113298 Related Classifications