Dicarboxylic Acids

Succinic acid is an anti-anxiety agent with oral activity. Disodium succinate is the salt form of Succinic acid. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid is an important platform chemical. Succinic acid can be used as surfactant, additive, ion chelating agent, flavoring agent and other applications in chemical, pharmaceutical and food fields.

Itaconic acid, a precursor of polymers, chemicals, and fuels, can be synthesized by many fungi. Itaconic acid also is a macrophage-specific metabolite. Itaconic acid mediates crosstalk between macrophage metabolism and peritoneal tumors. Itaconic acid has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory effect.

Disodium succinate is an anti-anxiety agent with oral activity. Disodium succinate is the salt form of Succinic acid. Disodium succinate is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Disodium succinate is an important platform chemical. Disodium succinate can be used as surfactant, additive, ion chelating agent, flavoring agent and other applications in chemical, pharmaceutical and food fields.

Oxaloacetic acid (2-Oxosuccinic acid) is a metabolic intermediate involved in several ways, such as citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis, whereby Oxaloacetic acid facilitates the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improves mitochondrial function.

Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer.

Azelaic acid is a nine-carbon dicarboxylic acid. Azelaic acid has antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis through inhibition of microbial cellular prorein synthesis. Azelaic acid has hypopigmentation action resulting from its ability to scavenge free radicals.

Citraconic acid (Methylmaleic acid) is an orally active inhibitor targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Citraconic acid reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Citraconic acid also modifies the conformation of Keap1 protein, relieves its inhibition of Nrf2, promotes antioxidant gene expression, and inhibits NLRP3 activation and the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18. Citraconic acid has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, can reduce oxidative stress and cell pyroptosis, improve tissue damage, and can be used for the research of inflammation-related diseases such as acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Citraconic acid is an isomer of Itaconic acid (HY-Y052).

Oxoadipic acid is a key intermediate metabolite in the lysine degradation pathway. The level of Oxoadipic acid is significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of Staphylococcus. That is, the higher the abundance of Staphylococcus-a potential pathogenic bacterium that usually increases in ulcerative colitis-the lower the level of Oxoadipic acid. Oxoadipic acid can be used in the research of ulcerative colitis.

Aminoadipic acid is an orally active lysine oxide derivative. Aminoadipic acid induces ROS generation, increases free Ca²⁺, decreases SOD, and activates TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. Aminoadipic acid has pro-inflammatory effects. Aminoadipic acid can be used in atherosclerosis research.

Decanedioic acid is a straight-chain dicarboxylic acid. Dodecanedioic acid overcomes metabolic inflexibility in type 2 diabetes. Decanedioic acid prevents and reverses metabolic-associated liver disease and obesity. Decanedioic acid is associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

Suberic acid (Octanedioic acid) is an orally active crystalline dibasic acid. Suberic acid activates the Akt signaling pathway and regulates the expression of molecules related to the TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways. Suberic acid inhibits skin dryness.

Traumatic Acid is a wound healing agent and a cytokinin (phytohormone). Traumatic Acid enhances the biosynthesis of collagen in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Traumatic Acid inhibits MCF-7 breast cancer cells viability and enhances apoptosis and oxidative stress. Traumatic Acid can be used in studies of cancer, circulatory disorders (including arterial hypertension), and skin diseases associated with oxidative stress and impaired collagen biosynthesis.

Hexadecanedioic acid (Thapsic acid) is an orally active metabolite produced by B. uniformis. Hexadecanedioic acid inhibits IRE1α-XBP1s-mediated flipogenesis and ferroptosis. Hexadecanedioic acid downregulates XBP1 and Hrd1 expression, activates the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway. Hexadecanedioic acid can be used for the research of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.

Dodecanedioic acid is an orally active straight-chain dicarboxylic acid. As an alternative energy substrate between lipids and carbohydrates, Dodecanedioic acid can be rapidly oxidized during exercise, reducing muscle fatigue without stimulating insulin secretion. Dodecanedioic acid also exhibits blood glucose-lowering activity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Octadecanedioic acid is an endogenous metabolite. Octadecanedioic acid can be used in the research of Reye's syndrome.

Adipic acid (Hexanedioic acid) is an orally active compound with anti-HSV-1 activity. Adipic acid has low toxicity and can be used as a food additive and a gelling agent. Adipic acid can also be used in the synthesis of lubricants, artificial resins, plastics, etc.

Eicosanedioic acid is a non-cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Eicosanedioic acid is also a alkyl chain-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis

Tetradecanedioic acid is an endogenous metabolite and belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Tetradecanedioic acid is an endogenous biomarker for assessing the activity of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs).

Pimelic acid (Heptanedioic acid; 1,5-Pentanedicarboxylic acid) is a seven-carbon α,ω-dicarboxylic acid and a downstream product of fatty acid synthesis. Pimelic acid is a key precursor in biotin biosynthesis. Pimelic acid can be converted to pimelic acid-CoA by the BioW enzyme, thereby bypassing exogenous biotin requirements to support growth in various biotinytrophic bacteria and fungi, and reversing antibiotic-induced inhibition of biotin synthesis. Furthermore, Pimelic acid has been proposed as a highly specific biomarker for oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice. Pimelic acid can be used to study retinopathy of preterm infants, oxygen-induced retinopathy, and microbial biotin metabolism.

trans-trans-Muconic acid is a urinary metabolite of Benzene. trans-trans-Muconic acid serves as a urinary biomarker for occupational benzene exposure.