Petasites hybridus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Schreb.

Furanopetasin is an eremophilane-type sesquiterpene ester found in Petasites hybridus.

S-Petasin is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 25.5 μM and 17.5 μM for PDE3 and PDE4, respectively. S-Petasin inhibits cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, 11β-hydroxylase, PPAR-γ, and iNOS induction at RNA and protein levels. S-Petasin induces apoptosis, activates caspases, cleaves PARP, modulates mitochondrial membrane permeability, and regulates BCL2/BAX, p53, Bcl-XL, MMP-2, MMP-9, p21, CDK4, and cyclin D1 expression. S-Petasin reduces inflammatory cell accumulation, cytokine and IgE levels, and enhances serum IgG2a levels. S-Petasin relaxes isolated sensitized guinea pig trachealis and exhibits gastrointestinal anti-spasmodic activity. S-Petasin reduces tonsillitis severity and asthmatic attack frequency. S-Petasin can be used for the research of prostate cancer, obesity, melanoma, allergic asthma, asthma, and peritonitis.

Anticopalic acid is a labdane-type diterpenoid insect antifeedant that exhibits dose-dependent antifeedant activity against the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Anticopalic acid can be isolated from Vitex hemsleyi. Anticopalic acid may be involved in neuroreceptor-mediated insect taste regulation and could be used to develop environmentally friendly antifeedants targeting lepidopteran pests.

Isosalicifolin is a Lignans product that can be isolated from the herbs of Bupleurum candollei.