D-Galactose
Based on 27 publication(s) in Google Scholar
D-Galactose is a natural aldohexose and C-4 epimer of glucose.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.95%
- CAS No.: 59-23-4
- Formula: C6H12O6
- Molecular Weight:180.16
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) D-Galactose
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022 Sep 1;7(1):303. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2025 Oct:86:103804. [Abstract]
- Ultrason Sonochem. 2025 Dec:123:107673. [Abstract]
- J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2025 Dec;16(6):e70142. [Abstract]
- J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 May 16. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Dec 30;339(Pt 2):149976. [Abstract]
- EMBO Mol Med. 2025 Oct 15. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Nov:147:157201. [Abstract]
- EMBO J. 2024 Nov;43(21):5018-5036. [Abstract]
- Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 Nov 28;16(1):668. [Abstract]
- Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 Jul 1;16(1):339. [Abstract]
- PLoS Biol. 2018 Oct 18;16(10):e2006483. [Abstract]
- Aging Cell. 2026 Apr;25(4):e70463. [Abstract]
- Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 Jan 31;13(2):183. [Abstract]
- Phytother Res. 2026 Mar;40(3):887-906. [Abstract]
- Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026 Jun;28(6):4741-4758. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2025 Jan 31:340:119287. [Abstract]
- Cells. 2022 Oct 18;11(20):3270. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 2;23(17):10045. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2025 Nov 15;39(21):e71208. [Abstract]
- Mol Nutr Food Res. 2024 Aug 1:e2400307. [Abstract]
- J Neurochem. 2026 Mar;170(3):e70402. [Abstract]
- J Biol Chem. 2025 Apr 9:108500. [Abstract]
- BMC Geriatr. 2025 Aug 20;25(1):645. [Abstract]
- Chin J Integr Med. 2026 Jan 5. [Abstract]
- Gene. 2025 Jun 12:149632. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025 Jul 8:43:102106. [Abstract]
Customer Validation & Images
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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WB
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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IF
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IF
All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
More
Biological Activity
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Human Endogenous Metabolite |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
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| Caco-2 | IC50 |
12.5 mM
Compound: Gal
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Inhibition of Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant Galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin binding to Caco2A cells
Inhibition of Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant Galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin binding to Caco2A cells
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[PMID: 17905738] |
Galactose is important for the survival and virulence of bacteria. In Escherichia coli galactose is utilized by the Leloir pathway. Two anomers of d-galactose are used for different purposes, α-d-galactose as a carbon source and β-d-galactose for induction of UDP-galactose synthesis for biosynthetic glycosylation[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:female C57BL/6J mice[5]
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Dosage:50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, 8 weeks
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Administration:subcutaneous injection (s.c.)
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Result:Impaired spatial learning and memory of mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg.
Induced locomotor impairment in LAT in a dose-dependent manner especially in the second day.
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
D-Galactose can be used in animal models to create subacute aging models in mice and cataract models in rats. Chronic D-galactose exposure induces neurodegeneration by enhancing caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting neurogenesis and neuronal migration in mice, as well as increasing oxidative damage. Moreover, D-galactose-induced toxicity in mice serves as a useful model for studying the mechanisms of neurodegeneration and the evaluation of neuroprotective drugs and agents. Oral administration of D-galactose leads to cognitive impairment in rats, accompanied by oxidative damage. Cognitive impairments are observed in the open field test at the 4th and 6th weeks post-administration, and spatial memory deficits are noted in the radial arm maze test after the 6th week. D-Galactose is a classic agent for inducing subacute aging and cataract models. D-galactose alters protein and peptide structures by reacting with their free amino groups, leading to the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) during nonenzymatic glycation.
Administration: 5, 100, 200 mg/day •s.c. • 8 weeks
Induced locomotor impairment in LAT in a dose-dependent manner especially in the second day.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 59-23-4
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 180.16
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Formula C6H12O6
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](CO)O)O)O)O
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Synonyms
D-(+)-Galactose
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Structure Classification
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (27)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Suppression of PFKFB3-driven glycolysis restrains endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and fibrotic response. [Abstract]2022 Sep 1;7(1):303. PMID: 36045132 -
Redox Biol
Nrf2/Nlrp3 signaling in aging BMSCs: Traf6 intervention as a novel approach to osteoporosis treatment. [Abstract]2025 Oct:86:103804. PMID: 40768898 -
Ultrason Sonochem
Ultrasonic complexation with Lycium barbarum polysaccharide significantly enhances the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of curcumin. [Abstract]2025 Dec:123:107673. PMID: 41223460 -
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle
NAD+ Enhanced Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Effect on Muscle Atrophy by Improving SIRT1-Mediated Mitochondrial Function via NAMPT. [Abstract]2025 Dec;16(6):e70142. PMID: 41383117 -
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals novel interaction between muscle satellite cells and fibro-adipogenic progenitors mediated with FGF7 signalling. [Abstract]2024 May 16. PMID: 38751367
D-Galactose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 May 16. [Abstract]
CCK8 was used to detect the cell viability of porcine MuSCs treated with D-gal (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 g/L; 48 h). (n = 5)
D-Galactose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 May 16. [Abstract]
Immunofluorescence staining with γH2AX (green) and DAPI (blue) was detected in C2C12 treated with 10 ng/ml FGF7 recombinant protein, 20 g/L D-gal, 20 g/L D-gal + 10 ng/ml FGF7, and the nuclear area (n = 200 nuclei) and ratio of γH2AX+ cells (n = 3) were quantified.
D-Galactose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024 May 16. [Abstract]
Immunofluorescence staining with EdU (red) and hoechst (blue) in porcine MuSCs treated with a series of concentrations of D-gal (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 g/L; 48 h).
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Int J Biol Macromol
2025 Dec 30;339(Pt 2):149976. PMID: 41478474
D-Galactose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Dec 30;339(Pt 2):149976. [Abstract]
D-galactose (D-Gal) (300 μg/mL, 72 h). Cell viability of KGN and SVOG cells in different groups.
D-Galactose purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Dec 30;339(Pt 2):149976. [Abstract]
D-galactose (D-Gal) (300 μg/mL, 72 h). Detection of p21 protein levels in KGN and SVOG cells of each group.
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EMBO Mol Med
Isoginkgetin antagonizes ALS pathologies in its animal and patient iPSC models via PINK1-Parkin-dependent mitophagy. [Abstract]2025 Oct 15. PMID: 41094045 -
Phytomedicine
Shenqi Wan inhibits cellular senescence to alleviate renal fibrosis by modulating the AQP1/TGF-β1/ITPR1 axis. [Abstract]2025 Nov:147:157201. PMID: 40929884 -
EMBO J
TNFSF14+ natural killer cells prevent spontaneous abortion by restricting leucine-mediated decidual stromal cell senescence. [Abstract]2024 Nov;43(21):5018-5036. PMID: 39261664 -
Stem Cell Res Ther
A serum-free adipose-conditioned medium delays stem cell senescence and maintains tissue homeostasis via IL-6/STAT3 axis suppression. [Abstract]2025 Nov 28;16(1):668. PMID: 41316397 -
Stem Cell Res Ther
Small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells loaded with β-nicotinamide mononucleotide activate NAD+/SIRT3 signaling pathway-mediated mitochondrial autophagy to delay skin aging. [Abstract]2025 Jul 1;16(1):339. PMID: 40598314 -
PLoS Biol
Phosphoglucomutase 1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating glucose trafficking. [Abstract]2018 Oct 18;16(10):e2006483. PMID: 30335765 -
Aging Cell
Senescence-Driven Remodeling Defines an Aggressive and Immunomodulatory Subtype of Endometriosis. [Abstract]2026 Apr;25(4):e70463. PMID: 41891132 -
Antioxidants (Basel)
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate Aging-Induced BTB Impairment in Porcine Testes by Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting ROS/NLRP3 Inflammasomes via the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]2024 Jan 31;13(2):183. PMID: 38397781 -
Phytother Res
A Novel Mechanism of Berberine Targeting EIF2AK2 Dimerization Attenuates Methylglyoxal-Induced Endothelial Senescence and Apoptosis. [Abstract]2026 Mar;40(3):887-906. PMID: 41520368 -
Diabetes Obes Metab
Adipose-Specific GHR Knockout Confers Multidimensional Anti-Aging Advantages via Adipose Tissue Remodelling and Enhanced Metabolic Elasticity. [Abstract]2026 Jun;28(6):4741-4758. PMID: 41847844 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Icariin maintaining TMEM119-positive microglial population improves hippocampus-associated memory in senescent mice in relation to R-3-hydroxybutyric acid metabolism. [Abstract]2025 Jan 31:340:119287. PMID: 39736348 -
Cells
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Alleviates Ovarian Aging by Modulating Mitophagy- and Glycophagy-Based Energy Metabolism in Hens. [Abstract]2022 Oct 18;11(20):3270. PMID: 36291137 -
Int J Mol Sci
Revealing the Therapeutic Targets and Mechanism of Ginsenoside Rg1 for Liver Damage Related to Anti-Oxidative Stress Using Proteomic Analysis. [Abstract]2022 Sep 2;23(17):10045. PMID: 36077440 -
FASEB J
Mechanical Stretch Prevents Senescence-Associated Osteogenic Impairment in Mesenchymal Stem Cells via CXCR4/PI3K/AKT Signaling. [Abstract]2025 Nov 15;39(21):e71208. PMID: 41165551 -
Mol Nutr Food Res
Aqueous Extract of Wolfberry Alleviates Aging-Related Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction by Modulating PRRs Signaling Pathways and Enhancing DNA Repair. [Abstract]2024 Aug 1:e2400307. PMID: 39091066 -
J Neurochem
Young Regulatory T Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Improve Mitochondrial Function and Angiogenesis and Suppress Inflammation in Senescent Brain and Heart. [Abstract]2026 Mar;170(3):e70402. PMID: 41797211 -
J Biol Chem
Knockdown of C3aR alleviates age-related bone loss via activation of YAP1/β-catenin signaling. [Abstract]2025 Apr 9:108500. PMID: 40216253 -
BMC Geriatr
AIMP1 exerts hearing protection role in age related hearing loss mice by regulating SIRT1 expression. [Abstract]2025 Aug 20;25(1):645. PMID: 40836274 -
Chin J Integr Med
Neuroprotective Mechanism of Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides in Alzheimer's Disease: Highlighting Role of PI3K-AKT Signalling Pathway and Leptin Receptor. [Abstract]2026 Jan 5. PMID: 41489778 -
Gene
Bioinformatics and experiments reveal the hub genes of age-related hearing loss and the mechanism of PLK1 silencing in the protection of aging cochlear hair cells. [Abstract]2025 Jun 12:149632. PMID: 40516835 -
Biochem Biophys Rep
Identification and validation of the pivotal role of MANF gene in pancreatic β-cell aging using bioinformatics. [Abstract]2025 Jul 8:43:102106. PMID: 40688493
Solvent & Solubility
H2O : 62.5 mg/mL (346.91 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (277.53 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (280 KB)
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SDS (254 KB)
- English - EN (254 KB)
- Français - FR (254 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (254 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (254 KB)
- Español - ES (254 KB)
- Swedish - SV (254 KB)
- Italian - IT (254 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (254 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Csiszovszki Z, et al. Structure and function of the D-galactose network in enterobacteria. MBio. 2011 Jun 28;2(4):e00053-11. [Content Brief]
[2]. Cui X, et al. Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidativedamage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res. 2006 Aug 15;84(3):647-54. [Content Brief]
[3]. Budni J, et al. Oral administration of d-galactose induces cognitive impairments and oxidative damage in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2016 Apr 1;302:35-43. [Content Brief]
[4]. Haifeng Wei, et al. Behavioural study of the Haifeng Wei, et al. Behavioural study of the D-galactose induced aging model in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res. 2005, 157, 22. [Content Brief]
[5]. Saida Haider, et al. A high dose of short term exogenous D-galactose administration in young male rats produces symptoms simulating the natural aging process. Life Sci. 2015. [Content Brief]
[6]. Wenjing Feng, et al. Alginate Oligosaccharide Prevents against D-galactose-mediated Cataract in C57BL/6J Mice via Regulating Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System. Curr Eye Res. 2021, 46, 6. [Content Brief]
[7]. Lei Zhong, et al. Characterization of an i.p. D-galactose-induced cataract model in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2021. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO / H2O | 1 mM | 5.5506 mL | 27.7531 mL | 55.5062 mL | 138.7655 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | 27.7531 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5551 mL | 2.7753 mL | 5.5506 mL | 13.8766 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3700 mL | 1.8502 mL | 3.7004 mL | 9.2510 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2775 mL | 1.3877 mL | 2.7753 mL | 6.9383 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2220 mL | 1.1101 mL | 2.2202 mL | 5.5506 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1850 mL | 0.9251 mL | 1.8502 mL | 4.6255 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1388 mL | 0.6938 mL | 1.3877 mL | 3.4691 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1110 mL | 0.5551 mL | 1.1101 mL | 2.7753 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0925 mL | 0.4626 mL | 0.9251 mL | 2.3128 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0694 mL | 0.3469 mL | 0.6938 mL | 1.7346 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0555 mL | 0.2775 mL | 0.5551 mL | 1.3877 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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