Malformin A1
Malformin A1, a cyclic pentapeptide isolated from Aspergillus niger, possess a range of bioactive properties including antibacterial activity. Malformin A1 shows potent cytotoxic activities on human colorectal cancer cells. Malformin A1 induces apoptosis by activating PARP, caspase 3, -7, and -9.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- CAS No.: 3022-92-2
- Formula: C23H39N5O5S2
- Molecular Weight:529.72
-
Storage:
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
-
Biological Activity
-
Chemical Information
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
-
Help & FAQs
-
HY-118075
Coenzyme Q2Apoptosis Inducer -
HY-U00434
3BDOIFITM3 Modulator -
HY-N2409
Delphinidin chlorideAnthocyanidin -
HY-120912
Gingerenone ANrf2-Gpx4 Activator -
HY-136824
Napyradiomycin A1Anti-tumor/bacterial Agent -
HY-N0097A
9-β-D-ArabinofuranosylguanineGuanosine Analog -
HY-122650
PHY34Autophagy Inhibitor -
HY-126061
1,7-Dimethyluric acidCaffeine Metabolite -
HY-148255
QN523Apoptosis Inducer -
HY-116909
O-MethylsterigmatocystinFungal Metabolites -
HY-N2409R
Delphinidin chloride (Standard)Anthocyanidin -
HY-120912R
Gingerenone A (Standard)Nrf2-Gpx4 Activator
Biological Activity
Description
Cellular Effect
|
Cell Line
|
Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| U-937 | IC50 |
0.76 μM
Compound: 1; synthetic
|
Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 27680590] |
| U-937 | IC50 |
0.8 μM
Compound: 1; natural
|
Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human U937 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 27680590] |
Chemical Information
-
CAS No. 3022-92-2
-
Molecular Weight 529.72
-
Formula C23H39N5O5S2
-
Sequence Shortening
CCVLI (Disulfide bridge:Cys1-Cys2)
-
Structure Classification
-
Initial Source
-
Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
-
Storage
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
Protocols
-
Research Protocol for Infectious Diseases
Infectious-disease experiments test how pathogens interact with host barriers, innate immune receptors, inflammatory signaling, pathogen replication, and tissue injury; pattern-recognition receptors such as TLRs, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and inflammasomes detect microbial molecules and activate NF-κB, interferon, and cytokine responses. The central hypothesis is that infection severity reflects the balance between pathogen burden and host response: protective inflammation restricts pathogen growth, whereas excessive or mislocalized inflammation contributes to tissue damage and disease phenotype. Unresolved questions include which host pathways are protective versus pathogenic, why some infection models fail to translate to human disease, and which combined readouts best predict clinically relevant infection outcomes.
-
Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
-
TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
-
Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
-
Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
-
Bacterial live/dead nucleic-acid viability staining
The LIVE/DEAD bacterial viability staining method is based on differential permeability of nucleic-acid-binding fluorescent dyes, most commonly SYTO 9 and propidium iodide (PI), which enables discrimination of bacterial populations with intact versus compromised cytoplasmic membranes. SYTO 9 penetrates both intact and damaged bacterial membranes and binds nucleic acids to produce green fluorescence, whereas propidium iodide penetrates only cells with compromised membranes and fluoresces red while also reducing SYTO 9 signal through competitive binding and fluorescence interactions. The resulting fluorescence pattern is interpreted as a proxy for membrane integrity, which is widely used as an indicator of bacterial viability in microscopy, flow cytometry, and spectroscopic platforms. However, mechanistic studies show that SYTO 9 and PI interactions involve displacement and fluorescence resonance energy transfer effects, which can influence signal interpretation depending on dye ratios a
-
Cell Viability Determination by MTT Colorimetric Assay
The following protocol uses the MTT colorimetric assay as a classic literature-established method for assessing cell viability/metabolic activity in cultured mammalian cells. MTT[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] is reduced by metabolically active cells to a colored formazan product; the amount of formazan is quantified spectrophotometrically and provides an indirect measure of metabolically active viable cells. Importantly, MTT reduction reflects cellular oxidoreductase/metabolic activity rather than an absolute direct count of living cells, so changes in cellular metabolism can alter the signal independently of cell number.
Purity & Documentation
References
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Malformin A1 Related Classifications
HY-P2569 Related Classifications
Powered by Bioz