ATF2 Protein, Human (sf9, His-GST)

ATF2, a transcriptional activator, orchestrates the regulation of various genes involved in anti-apoptosis, cell growth, and the DNA damage response. It exhibits dual DNA-binding capabilities, recognizing CRE and AP-1 consensus sequences, and plays a pivotal role in global transcription within the nucleus. Outside the nucleus, ATF2 interacts with HK1- and VDAC1-containing complexes at the mitochondrial outer membrane, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential and inducing cell death. The phosphorylated form, mediated by ATM, contributes to the DNA damage response, participating in ionizing radiation-induced S phase checkpoint control and recruiting the MRN complex to damage sites. ATF2 also possesses histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, specifically acetylating histones H2B and H4. In collaboration with CUL3 and RBX1, ATF2 promotes the degradation of KAT5, modulating its ability to acetylate and activate ATM. ATF2 exhibits context-dependent oncogenic or tumor suppressor activities, forming dimers with itself or with JUN. Interactions with SMAD3, SMAD4, UTF1, HK1/VDAC1 complex, and several other proteins further highlight ATF2's intricate involvement in cellular processes.