BMP-4 Protein, Human (CHO)

Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP-4) is a ligand protein with pleiotropic, belongs to TGFβ family. BMP-4 involves in the vasculature circulation and can activate receptors on vascular cells^[1].
BMP-4/TGFβ signaling can be terminated by inhibitory SMADs including SMAD6 and SMAD7, which are activated and induced by BMP signaling and switch off BMP signaling via multiple mechanisms^[4].
BMP-4 is widely found in different animals, while the sequence in human is highly similar to Rat (96.81%), and mouse (97.54%).
BMP-4 is expressed by endothelial cells (ECs) in response to hypoxia and promotes vascular SMC proliferation. Therefore it inhibits the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) isolated from the proximal pulmonary artery while induces proliferation of SMCs isolated from distal pulmonary arteries^[5].
BMP-4 appears to be a marker and driver of vascular calcification, particularly in atherosclerosis^[6].
BMP-4 induces angiogenesis, endothelial cells (ECs) proliferation, and migration^[7].
BMP-4 is differentially expressed in calcified atherosclerotic plaques^[8], serves as the linkers between atherosclerotic vascular calcification with mechanisms of normal bone formation^[9].
BMP-4 increases plaque formation via their pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic effects, promoting oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and osteogenic differentiation^[3].

BMP-4 (1 ng/mL for 4-5 d; 10 ng/mL for 3-4 d; 100 ng/mL for 2 d) induces a synchronous wave of differentiation occurred, characterized by flattened, enlarged cells with reduced proliferation^[10].
BMP-4 (100 ng/mL; 7 d) initiates human embryonic stem cell differentiation to trophoblast^[10].
BMP4 (10 or 100 ng/mL; 24 h) significantly increases the number of mesenchymal condensations by approximately 50%^[11].