proline levels

By Targets:	Apoptosis (2) ATF6 (2) Atg8/LC3 (2) Autophagy (2) Bacterial (1) Bcl-2 Family (2) Biochemical Assay Reagents (2) Endogenous Metabolite (2) Environmental Pollutants (1) Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) (2) Fungal (1) Mitochondrial Metabolism (1) MMP (1) PERK (2) Proton Pump (1) Reference Standards (1) Tau Protein (1)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (5) Cardiovascular Disease (2) Endocrinology (2) Infection (1) Inflammation/Immunology (1) Metabolic Disease (4) Neurological Disease (4)
Click Chemistry:	Alkynes (1)

Targets Recommended: Pyk2

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-E70005I

Collagenase, Type VI 1 Publications Verification Type VI collagenase	MMP	Cancer
Collagenase, Type VI (EC 3.4.24.3) is a collagenase that can degrade type VI collagen. Type VI collagen is a component of cell membranes in various tissues (such as skin, heart, blood vessels, cartilage, and synovial fluid). Excessive collagenase can cause extracellular matrix lesions. Collagenase is also a biomarker for tumor invasion and metastasis. Collagenase, Type VI can specifically act on the peptide bond between proline and glycine. This feature can be used to quickly and sensitively detect its concentration level in experiments using corresponding modified electrodes .

HY-W050044

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid 1 Publications Verification	Endogenous Metabolite PERK Atg8/LC3 Autophagy Bcl-2 Family Apoptosis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) ATF6	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Endocrinology Cancer
L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is a proline analog. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid upregulates the lipid autophagy marker LC3-II via activation of the PERK pathway. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid increases pro-apoptotic BAX protein. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ATF6 cleavage and upregulates phosphorylated eIF2α levels. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ER stress, inducing protein misfolding and aggregation. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid shows teratogenic, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects .

HY-W051140

Silver sulfate Disilver sulfate, 99%	Environmental Pollutants Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
Silver sulfate acts as an ethylene inhibitor and a shoot regeneration promoter. Silver sulfate promotes shoot proliferation in explants of the cherry rootstock CAB-6P. Silver sulfate is applicable to studies on the optimization of micropropagation for cherry rootstocks .

HY-W116336D

Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size	Biochemical Assay Reagents Fungal Bacterial	Infection Cancer
Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size is a nitrate reductase modulator and growth promoter with plant stress resistance activity and oral toxicity. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size acts as a nutrient source for maize plants. By enhancing nitrate reductase activity and reducing free proline levels, it significantly improves plant height, root length and dry matter weight of maize, and its growth-promoting effect is comparable to that of traditional zinc sulfate fertilizer. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size induces anemia-related and persistent tissue inflammatory damage, leading to obvious histopathological adverse reactions in the stomach, pancreas, eyes and prostate of rats. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size acts as a non-toxic antibacterial agent and selective cytotoxin against multiple bacteria, fungi and spores .

HY-142035

N-Propargylglycine 1 Publications Verification	Mitochondrial Metabolism	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
N-Propargylglycine is a brain-penetrant and orally active PRODH inhibitor. N-Propargylglycine covalently modifies enzyme-bound FAD and active site lysine, causing enzyme structural distortion, protein decay, and irreversible inhibition of proline and 4-hydroxyproline catabolism. N-Propargylglycine induces UPRmt, upregulates mitochondrial chaperones and YME1L1, enhances mitochondrial proteostasis, blocks astrocytic L-proline consumption, and abolishes L-proline’s ATP-maintaining and viability-protective effects. N-Propargylglycine stimulates neural processes, increases brain proline, hydroxyproline, and sarcosine levels, partially normalizes Huntington’s disease whole brain transcriptomes. N-Propargylglycine reduces hyperoxaluria, prevents calcium oxalate stone formation, reduces kidney tubular damage, and restores weight and survival in Grhpr knockout mice. N-Propargylglycine can be used for the research of breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Huntington’s disease, and primary hyperoxaluria type 2 .

HY-P9995

Posdinemab JNJ-63733657	Tau Protein	Neurological Disease
Posdinemab (JNJ-63733657) is a humanized IgG1/κ monoclonal antibody that selectively targets phosphorylated tau (pT217). Posdinemab specifically binds to the pT217+tau epitope rich in the proline domain, blocks tau protein aggregation and seed propagation, and promotes the clearance of extracellular tau species. Posdinemab reduces the levels of free and total p217+tau in cerebrospinal fluid, thereby inhibiting the pathological propagation of tau protein and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Posdinemab can be used for the study of progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome and Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially for prodromal or mild AD disease .

HY-W050044R

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Standard)	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite PERK Atg8/LC3 Autophagy Bcl-2 Family Apoptosis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) ATF6	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Endocrinology Cancer
L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is a proline analog. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid upregulates the lipid autophagy marker LC3-II via activation of the PERK pathway. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid increases pro-apoptotic BAX protein. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ATF6 cleavage and upregulates phosphorylated eIF2α levels. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ER stress, inducing protein misfolding and aggregation. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid shows teratogenic, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects .

HY-117110

Arginylproline H-Arg-Pro-OH	Proton Pump	Metabolic Disease
Arginylproline (H-Arg-Pro-OH) is a dipeptide consisted of arginine and proline. Arginylproline reduces intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels stimulated by Oleic acid (HY-N1446), through the peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) pathway .

Cat. No.	Product Name

HY-L045

Oxygen Sensing Compound Library	3,987 compounds
Oxygen homeostasis regulation is the most fundamental cellular process for adjusting physiological oxygen variations, and its irregularity leads to various human diseases, including cancer. Hypoxia is closely associated with cancer development, and hypoxia/oxygen-sensing signaling plays critical roles in the modulation of cancer progression. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. A variety of HF-1 target genes have been identified thus far which encode proteins that play key roles in critical developmental and physiological processes including angiogenesis/vascular remodeling, erythropoiesis, glucose transport, glycolysis, iron transport, and cell proliferation/survival. HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of a constitutively expressed β-subunit and an oxygen-regulated α-subunit. The unique feature of HIF-1 is the regulation of HIF-1α expression and activity based upon the cellular O₂ concentration. Under normoxic conditions, hydroxylation of HIF-1α on these different proline residues is essential for HIF proteolytic degradation by promoting interaction with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein (pVHL) through hydrogen bonding to the hydroxyproline-binding pocket in the pVHL β-domain. As oxygen levels decrease, hydroxylation of HIF decreases; HIF-1α then no longer binds pVHL, and becomes stabilized, allowing more of the protein to translocate to the cell’s nucleus, where it acts as a transcription factor, upregulating (often within minutes) the production of proteins that stimulate blood perfusion in tissues and thus tissue oxygenation. MCE offers a unique collection of 3,987 oxygen sensing related compounds targeting HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, etc. MCE Oxygen Sensing Compound Library is a useful tool to study hypoxia, oxidative stress and discover new anti-cancer drugs.

Oxygen Sensing Compound Library

3,987 compounds

Oxygen homeostasis regulation is the most fundamental cellular process for adjusting physiological oxygen variations, and its irregularity leads to various human diseases, including cancer. Hypoxia is closely associated with cancer development, and hypoxia/oxygen-sensing signaling plays critical roles in the modulation of cancer progression.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. A variety of HF-1 target genes have been identified thus far which encode proteins that play key roles in critical developmental and physiological processes including angiogenesis/vascular remodeling, erythropoiesis, glucose transport, glycolysis, iron transport, and cell proliferation/survival.

HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor consisting of a constitutively expressed β-subunit and an oxygen-regulated α-subunit. The unique feature of HIF-1 is the regulation of HIF-1α expression and activity based upon the cellular O₂ concentration. Under normoxic conditions, hydroxylation of HIF-1α on these different proline residues is essential for HIF proteolytic degradation by promoting interaction with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor protein (pVHL) through hydrogen bonding to the hydroxyproline-binding pocket in the pVHL β-domain. As oxygen levels decrease, hydroxylation of HIF decreases; HIF-1α then no longer binds pVHL, and becomes stabilized, allowing more of the protein to translocate to the cell’s nucleus, where it acts as a transcription factor, upregulating (often within minutes) the production of proteins that stimulate blood perfusion in tissues and thus tissue oxygenation.

MCE offers a unique collection of 3,987 oxygen sensing related compounds targeting HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase, MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, etc. MCE Oxygen Sensing Compound Library is a useful tool to study hypoxia, oxidative stress and discover new anti-cancer drugs.

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-W116336D

Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size	Biochemical Assay Reagents
Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size is a nitrate reductase modulator and growth promoter with plant stress resistance activity and oral toxicity. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size acts as a nutrient source for maize plants. By enhancing nitrate reductase activity and reducing free proline levels, it significantly improves plant height, root length and dry matter weight of maize, and its growth-promoting effect is comparable to that of traditional zinc sulfate fertilizer. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size induces anemia-related and persistent tissue inflammatory damage, leading to obvious histopathological adverse reactions in the stomach, pancreas, eyes and prostate of rats. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size acts as a non-toxic antibacterial agent and selective cytotoxin against multiple bacteria, fungi and spores .

Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size is a nitrate reductase modulator and growth promoter with plant stress resistance activity and oral toxicity. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size acts as a nutrient source for maize plants. By enhancing nitrate reductase activity and reducing free proline levels, it significantly improves plant height, root length and dry matter weight of maize, and its growth-promoting effect is comparable to that of traditional zinc sulfate fertilizer. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size induces anemia-related and persistent tissue inflammatory damage, leading to obvious histopathological adverse reactions in the stomach, pancreas, eyes and prostate of rats. Zinc oxide, <100 nm particle size acts as a non-toxic antibacterial agent and selective cytotoxin against multiple bacteria, fungi and spores .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-117110

Arginylproline H-Arg-Pro-OH	Proton Pump	Metabolic Disease
Arginylproline (H-Arg-Pro-OH) is a dipeptide consisted of arginine and proline. Arginylproline reduces intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels stimulated by Oleic acid (HY-N1446), through the peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) pathway .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area	Image

HY-P9995

Posdinemab JNJ-63733657	Tau Protein	Neurological Disease
Posdinemab (JNJ-63733657) is a humanized IgG1/κ monoclonal antibody that selectively targets phosphorylated tau (pT217). Posdinemab specifically binds to the pT217+tau epitope rich in the proline domain, blocks tau protein aggregation and seed propagation, and promotes the clearance of extracellular tau species. Posdinemab reduces the levels of free and total p217+tau in cerebrospinal fluid, thereby inhibiting the pathological propagation of tau protein and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Posdinemab can be used for the study of progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome and Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially for prodromal or mild AD disease .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-W050044

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid 1 Publications Verification	Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite PERK Atg8/LC3 Autophagy Bcl-2 Family Apoptosis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) ATF6
L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is a proline analog. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid upregulates the lipid autophagy marker LC3-II via activation of the PERK pathway. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid increases pro-apoptotic BAX protein. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ATF6 cleavage and upregulates phosphorylated eIF2α levels. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ER stress, inducing protein misfolding and aggregation. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid shows teratogenic, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects .

HY-W050044R

L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Standard)	Structural Classification Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite PERK Atg8/LC3 Autophagy Bcl-2 Family Apoptosis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) ATF6
L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid is a proline analog. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid upregulates the lipid autophagy marker LC3-II via activation of the PERK pathway. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid increases pro-apoptotic BAX protein. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ATF6 cleavage and upregulates phosphorylated eIF2α levels. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid induces ER stress, inducing protein misfolding and aggregation. L-Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid shows teratogenic, pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects .

Cat. No.	Product Name		Classification

HY-142035

N-Propargylglycine 1 Publications Verification		Alkynes
N-Propargylglycine is a brain-penetrant and orally active PRODH inhibitor. N-Propargylglycine covalently modifies enzyme-bound FAD and active site lysine, causing enzyme structural distortion, protein decay, and irreversible inhibition of proline and 4-hydroxyproline catabolism. N-Propargylglycine induces UPRmt, upregulates mitochondrial chaperones and YME1L1, enhances mitochondrial proteostasis, blocks astrocytic L-proline consumption, and abolishes L-proline’s ATP-maintaining and viability-protective effects. N-Propargylglycine stimulates neural processes, increases brain proline, hydroxyproline, and sarcosine levels, partially normalizes Huntington’s disease whole brain transcriptomes. N-Propargylglycine reduces hyperoxaluria, prevents calcium oxalate stone formation, reduces kidney tubular damage, and restores weight and survival in Grhpr knockout mice. N-Propargylglycine can be used for the research of breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Huntington’s disease, and primary hyperoxaluria type 2 .

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proline levels

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