2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-50714
    Quiflapon sodium
    		Inducer 98.72%
    Quiflapon sodium (MK-591 sodium) is a selective and specific 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitor. Quiflapon sodium is an orally active Leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. Induces apoptosis.
    Quiflapon sodium
  • HY-15369
    FPA-124
    		Inducer
    FPA-124, a cell-permeable copper complex, is a selective Akt inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.1 μM. FPA-124 interacts with both the pleckstrin homology (PH) and the kinase domains of Akt. FPA-124 induces apoptosis.
    FPA-124
  • HY-B0167R
    Salicylic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Salicylic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Salicylic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity independently of transcription factor (NF-κB) activation.
    Salicylic acid (Standard)
  • HY-N1508
    Ecliptasaponin A
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Ecliptasaponin A is an orally active pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin. Ecliptasaponin A exerts anti-tumor activity by activating ASK1/JNK pathway, inducing apoptosis and autophagy in lung cancer cells. Ecliptasaponin A exerts anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic effects and protects the cardiovascular system by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9. Ecliptasaponin A can enhance SOD activity, reduce MDA levels, and alleviate oxidative stress damage. Ecliptasaponin A exerts chondroprotective effects by inhibiting the expression of MMP13 and regulating inflammatory factors. Ecliptasaponin A improves ovarian function and regulates sex hormones by upregulating the expression of ESR1 receptors.
    Ecliptasaponin A
  • HY-121607
    INI-43
    		Inducer 99.28%
    INI-43 is an inhibitor of Kpnβ1, interfering with the nuclear localization of Kpnβ1 and known Kpnβ1 cargo proteins, NFAT, NFκB, AP-1, and NFY. INI-43 can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, cause G2-M cell cycle arrest in cancer cells, and induce the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
    INI-43
  • HY-N1377
    Nevadensin
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Nevadensin (Lysionotin), a natural flavonoid, is a selective human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin is more selective for hCE1 than hCE2 (IC50 of 132.8 μM). Nevadensin can induce apoptosis and DNA damage in cancer cells. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-hypertensive, anti-tubercular, antitussive, antioxidant and anti-microbial activities.
    Nevadensin
  • HY-N0701
    (-)-Asarinin
    		Inducer 99.74%
    (-)-Asarinin is a tetrahydrofurofurano lignan with various biological activities. (-)-Asarinin induces apoptosis in cancer cells. (-)-Asarinin promotes mitochondrial ROS accumulation, inhibits the STAT3 signaling pathway and induces apoptosis in precancerous cells. (-)-Asarinin is a Src family kinase inhibitor that suppresses mast cell activation. (-)-Asarinin is a non-competitive Δ5-desaturase inhibitor with a Ki of 0.28 mM. (-)-Asarinin possesses pain relief, anti-viral, anti-allergic and anti-tuberculous bacilli, and anti-tumor effects.
    (-)-Asarinin
  • HY-108511
    PB28 dihydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.63%
    PB28 dihydrochloride, a cyclohexylpiperazine derivative, is a high affinity and selective sigma 2 (σ2) receptor agonist with a Ki of 0.68 nM. PB28 dihydrochloride is also a σ1 antagonist with a Ki of 0.38 nM. PB28 dihydrochloride is less affinity for other receptors. PB28 dihydrochloride inhibits electrically evoked twitch in guinea pig bladder and ileum with EC50 values of 2.62 μM and 3.96 μM, respectively. PB28 dihydrochloride can modulate SARS-CoV-2-human protein-protein interaction. PB28 dihydrochloride induces caspase-independent apoptosis and has antitumor activity.
    PB28 dihydrochloride
  • HY-18200
    Atopaxar
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Atopaxar (E5555) is a potent, orally active, selective and reversible thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) antagonist. Atopaxar, an antiplatelet agent, interferes with platelet signaling. Atopaxar can be used for the research of atherothrombotic disease.
    Atopaxar
  • HY-P99270
    Tigatuzumab
    		Inducer 98.18%
    Tigatuzumab (CS-1008) is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody targets death receptor 5 (DR5). Tigatuzumab induces cell apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Tigatuzumab can be used for the research of cancer.
    Tigatuzumab
  • HY-P99299
    Lexatumumab
    		Inducer 99.87%
    Lexatumumab (HGS-ETR 2) is a human agonistic TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2, DR5, APO-2) IgG4κ type monoclonal antibody. Lexatumumab induces apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma. Lexatumumab can be used for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) research.
    Lexatumumab
  • HY-128749
    D-Glucaric acid potassium
    		Inducer 98.0%
    D-Glucaric acid potassium (Potassium D-glucarate) is an orally active end product of the D-glucuronic acid pathway in mammals. D-Glucaric acid potassium is present in a variety of fruits and vegetables. D-Glucaric acid potassium has cholesterol-lowering and anti-tumor activities. D-Glucaric acid potassium can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and inflammation, and induce apoptosis.
    D-Glucaric acid potassium
  • HY-B0075R
    Melatonin (standard)
    		Modulator
    Melatonin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Melatonin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activates melatonin receptor. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    Melatonin (standard)
  • HY-139781
    PD-L1-IN-1
    		Inducer 98.01%
    PD-L1-IN-1 (Compound 10) is a potent PD-L1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 115 nM. PD-L1-IN-1 strongly binds with the PD-L1 protein and challenged it in a co-culture of PD-L1 expressing cancer cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhanced antitumor immune activity of the latter. PD-L1-IN-1 significantly exhibits low cytotoxicity in healthy cells.
    PD-L1-IN-1
  • HY-N6850
    Calenduloside E
    		99.07%
    Calenduloside E is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin that can be extracted from the bark and roots of Aralia ovata, and has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Calenduloside E alleviates atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage polarization, improves mitochondrial function by regulating the AMPK-SIRT3 pathway, and alleviates acute liver injury. In addition, Calenduloside E promotes the interaction between L-type calcium channels and Bcl-2 related apoptosis genes, inhibits calcium overload, and alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Calenduloside E also improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating heat shock-dependent pathways, and inhibits ROS mediated JAK1-STAT3 pathways to reduce cellular inflammatory responses.
    Calenduloside E
  • HY-113221
    Isovalerylcarnitine
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Isovalerylcarnitine is a metabolite of leucine. Isovalerylcarnitine can specifically activate calpain in human neutrophils. Isovalerylcarnitine inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Elevated circulating levels of Isovalerylcarnitine are negatively correlated with reduced lung cancer risk.
    Isovalerylcarnitine
  • HY-N0110B
    Palmatine hydroxide
    		Modulator 99.64%
    Palmatine hydroxide is an orally active and irreversible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) inhibitor with IC50s of 3 μM and 157μM against HEK 293-hIDO-1 and rhIDO-1, respectively. Palmatine hydroxide can also inhibit West Nile virus (WNV) NS2B-NS3 protease in an uncompetitive manner with an IC50 of 96 μM. Palmatine hydroxide shows anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, antibacterial, anti-viral activities.
    Palmatine hydroxide
  • HY-W020958
    Ru(acac)3
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Ru (acac) 3 (Tris (acetylacetonato) ruthenium (III)) is a caspase-3 activator and Apoptosis inducer. Ru (acac) 3 exerts growth inhibitory effects on various cell lines in vitro by inhibiting DNA/RNA synthesis and inducing mild reversible S-phase cell cycle arrest. Ru (acac) 3 is commonly used in research related to ovarian cancer, osteosarcoma, cervical cancer, melanoma, and other fields.
    Ru(acac)3
  • HY-135699
    TD52
    		Inducer
    TD52, an Erlotinib (HY-50896) derivative, is an orally active, potent cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) inhibitor. TD52 mediates the apoptotic effect in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via regulating the CIP2A/PP2A/p-Akt signalling pathway. TD52 indirectly reduced CIP2A by disturbing Elk1 binding to the CIP2A promoter. TD52 has less p-EGFR inhibition and has potent anti-cancer activity. TD52 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    TD52
  • HY-137135A
    Cantharidic acid disodium
    		Inducer
    Cantharidic acid disodium is the hydrolysis product of the acid anhydride Cantharidin that induces apoptosis in various human cancer cells. Cantharidic acid disodium is a selective protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) and PP1 inhibitor withIC50 values of 50 nM and 600 nM, respectively.
    Cantharidic acid disodium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity