Cat. No.: HY-N0706

Gracillin

Name: Gracillin
Brand: MedChemExpress
SKU: HY-N0706
Price: 55.00 USD
Availability: InStock
Rating: 5 (2 reviews)

2 Cited Publications

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Based on 2 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Gracillin is a steroidal saponin that can be extracted from the roots of the plant and has anti-tumor properties. Gracillin can induce cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity : 99.91%
CAS No.: 19083-00-2
Formula: C₄₅H₇₂O₁₇
Molecular Weight:885.04

Storage:

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Gracillin Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 19083-00-2

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (2)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Protocols (7)
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

Gracillin is a steroidal saponin that can be extracted from the roots of the plant and has anti-tumor properties. Gracillin can induce cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy^[1]^[2].

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A2780	IC₅₀	4.3 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human A2780 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A2780 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]
A549	IC₅₀	0.96 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]
Bel-7402	IC₅₀	1.1 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]
BXPC-3	IC₅₀	1.3 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human BxPC3 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human BxPC3 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]
Capan-2	IC₅₀	1.3 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human Capan2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human Capan2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]
HCT-8	IC₅₀	0.92 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]
HeLa	IC₅₀	12.74 μg/mL Compound: 8	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 15620239]
HL-60	IC₅₀	3.7 μM Compound: 9	Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 12828464]
MCF7	IC₅₀	17.5 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]
PANC-1	IC₅₀	0.7 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human PANC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human PANC1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]
SW1990	IC₅₀	1.1 μM Compound: Gracillin	Cytotoxicity against human SW1990 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against human SW1990 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 19362474]

In Vitro

Gracillin (0-10 μM, 6-24 h) shows broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on the cancer cell viability^[1].
Gracillin (5 μM) disrupts mitochondrial function, specifically, inhibits ATP production, activates AMPK, inhibits oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in H460 and A549 cells^[1].
Gracillin (0-10 μM, 6 h) induces ROS generation (indicated by H2DCF-DA) in H460, H1299, H226B and A549 cells^[1].
Gracillin (0-4 μM, 24 h) blocks cell cycle in G1 phase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells^[2]^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.

Apoptosis Analysis^[2]

View Protocol

Cell Line:

A549 cells
Concentration:

0-4 μM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Induced morphological changes.
Apoptosis rate: 6.56%-67.43%.

In Vivo

Gracillin (oral gavage, 10 mg/kg for xenografts and 20 mg/kg for PDX) inhibits tumor growth of xenograft tumors inoculating lung (H1299), prostate (DU145), and colorectum (HCT116) cancer cells, as well as patient-derived xenograft colon and lung tumors^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 19083-00-2
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 885.04
Formula C₄₅H₇₂O₁₇
Color White to light yellow
SMILES

C[C@@]12[C@]([C@@H]3C)([H])[C@](O[C@]34CC[C@@H](C)CO4)([H])C[C@@]1([H])[C@@](CC=C5[C@@]6(CC[C@H](O[C@@](O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]7O[C@]([C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H]8O)O)([H])O[C@@H]8CO)([H])[C@@H]7O[C@@](O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@H]9O)([H])[C@@H]9O)C5)C)([H])[C@]6([H])CC2
Structure Classification
- Steroids
Initial Source
- Plants
- other families
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, protect from light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)

Publications (2)

All Cell Proliferation/Viability AssayWBApoptosis AnalysisHistological Imaging/StainingIn Vivo Efficacy Study

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Journal Impact Factor

Bioorg Chem

Gracillin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through disruption of redox homeostasis via inhibiting NRF2/HO-1 antioxidant axis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug:163:108636. PMID: 40505322

Gracillin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioorg Chem. 2025 Aug:163:108636. [Abstract]

Cell viability was analyzed in human pancreatic duct (HPNE) and PDAC cells in response to Gracillin. Up to 4 μM, Gracillin did not exhibit cytotoxicity in HPNE cells, while significantly inhibiting PDAC cell viability.

Gracillin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioorg Chem. 2025 Aug:163:108636. [Abstract]

Immunoblotting analysis confirmed reduced protein expression of PCNA in PDAC cells following Gracillin (0, 1, 2, 4 μM) treatment.

Gracillin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioorg Chem. 2025 Aug:163:108636. [Abstract]

The apoptosis-inducing effects of Gracillin (0, 1, 2, 4 μM) were confirmed by Annexin V/PI staining in PDAC cells.

Gracillin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioorg Chem. 2025 Aug:163:108636. [Abstract]

H&E and IHC performed on PANC-1 tumors demonstrating reduced NRF2, HO-1, PCNA, and BCL-2 expression and increased BAX expression following Gracillin treatment.

Gracillin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioorg Chem. 2025 Aug:163:108636. [Abstract]

Tumor photograph showing the effects of vehicle, Gracillin (8 mg/kg, i.p.) and Gemcitabine treatments.
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol

Capillin protects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and oxidative stress. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;43(6):778-789. PMID: 34618611

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (112.99 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

1.1299 mL

5.6495 mL

11.2989 mL

5 mM

0.2260 mL

1.1299 mL

2.2598 mL

10 mM

0.1130 mL

0.5649 mL

1.1299 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (2.35 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Protocols

All Cell Biology Signal Pathway Related

Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
Autophagy
Autophagy is a process in which eukaryotic cells use lysosomes to degrade their own cytoplasmic proteins and damaged organelles under the regulation of autophagy related gene (Atg). Microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 (LC3) is recognized as autophagy marker, which transfers from cytoplasmic LC3 (LC3-I) to membrane type (LC3-II). LC3-II/I ratio could be detected by Western Blot and fluorescence microscopy.
Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
Lysosome and acidic-vesicle live-cell staining
Lysosome and acidic-vesicle live-cell staining detects acidic intracellular compartments by using membrane-permeant acidotropic probes that accumulate in low-pH vesicles, including lysosomes, late endosomes, autolysosomes, and acidic phagosomes. LysoTracker staining is commonly used as an intensity-based readout of acidic lysosomal compartment abundance or enlargement, while acridine orange produces green fluorescence in less concentrated compartments and red fluorescence after concentration-dependent accumulation in acidic vesicular organelles. Loss or reduction of acridine-orange red signal can be used as a readout of lysosomal membrane permeabilization or reduced acidic-vesicle integrity. This protocol is designed for live cultured cells and can be adapted for fluorescence microscopy, high-content imaging, plate-reader readout, or flow cytometry when the selected literature supports the readout. Because these dyes report acidotropic accumulation rather than lysosome identity alone,
Macroautophagy Solutions
Macroautophagy is a conserved lysosome-dependent degradation pathway in which cytoplasmic material is sequestered into double-membrane autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. The pathway supports cellular homeostasis during nutrient limitation, organelle stress, protein-aggregate accumulation, infection, differentiation, and tissue remodeling by coupling cargo sequestration, autophagosome maturation, lysosomal fusion, and degradation of cargo-derived macromolecules. The core molecular sequence includes initiation by nutrient- and stress-regulated autophagy machinery, autophagosome nucleation, LC3/ATG8-family conjugation to autophagosomal membranes, cargo selection through receptors such as SQSTM1/p62, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and lysosomal degradation. LC3 was identified as a mammalian homolog of yeast Atg8 that localizes to autophagosomal membranes after processing, and p62/SQSTM1 was shown to connect ubiquitinated cargo with autophagic degradati

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (291 KB)
SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Min HY, et al. The natural compound gracillin exerts potent antitumor activity by targeting mitochondrial complex II. Cell Death Dis. 2019 Oct 24;10(11):810. [Content Brief]

[2]. Yang J, et al. Gracillin Isolated from Reineckia carnea Induces Apoptosis of A549 Cells via the Mitochondrial Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021 Jan 20;15:233-243. [Content Brief]

[3]. Li Y, et al. Gracillin Shows Potential Efficacy Against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Through Inhibiting the mTOR Pathway. Front Oncol. 2022 Mar 22;12:851300. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	1.1299 mL	5.6495 mL	11.2989 mL	28.2473 mL
	5 mM	0.2260 mL	1.1299 mL	2.2598 mL	5.6495 mL
	10 mM	0.1130 mL	0.5649 mL	1.1299 mL	2.8247 mL
	15 mM	0.0753 mL	0.3766 mL	0.7533 mL	1.8832 mL
	20 mM	0.0565 mL	0.2825 mL	0.5649 mL	1.4124 mL
	25 mM	0.0452 mL	0.2260 mL	0.4520 mL	1.1299 mL
	30 mM	0.0377 mL	0.1883 mL	0.3766 mL	0.9416 mL
	40 mM	0.0282 mL	0.1412 mL	0.2825 mL	0.7062 mL
	50 mM	0.0226 mL	0.1130 mL	0.2260 mL	0.5649 mL
	60 mM	0.0188 mL	0.0942 mL	0.1883 mL	0.4708 mL
	80 mM	0.0141 mL	0.0706 mL	0.1412 mL	0.3531 mL
	100 mM	0.0113 mL	0.0565 mL	0.1130 mL	0.2825 mL

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Gracillin

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Gracillin