Biliverdin dihydrochloride

Biliverdin dihydrochloride is considered a waste product of heme degradation. When red blood cells lyse, either due to hemolytic diseases or by natural apoptosis, heme get released. The heme is metabolized by heme oxygenase using three molecules of oxygen and seven electrons and producing Biliverdin IX-alpha, carbon monoxide, and ferrous iron. The Biliverdin IX-alpha undergoes metabolism to bilirubin IX-alpha via NADPH-dependent Biliverdin reductase^[1].
The buildup of Biliverdin dihydrochloride has been shown to upregulate the activity of Biliverdin reductase, an enzyme that is a regulator of the innate immune system^[1].
Biliverdin dihydrochloride downregulates the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and demonstrate an antioxidant effect in the damaged blood vessels. This decreases the formation of the tunica intima of blood vessels and blocks neovascularization and angiogenesis^[1].
Biliverdin dihydrochloride decreases inflammation by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TLR-4 and by stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10^[1].
Biliverdin dihydrochloride is a scavenger of hydroxyl peroxide groups showing the antioxidant effects of Biliverdin dihydrochloride^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.