BuChE-IN-12

Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.

ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining uses cell-permeant fluorogenic probes that become fluorescent after oxidation inside cells or tissues; commonly used examples include DCFH-DA/DCFDA for broad cellular oxidant detection, DHE for superoxide-related signal detection, MitoSOX for mitochondrial superoxide-related signal detection, and CellROX probes for oxidative-stress-associated fluorescence readouts. The assay detects probe oxidation rather than a single ROS species unless the probe and analysis method have been chemically validated for that species. DCFH-DA enters cells, is deacetylated by intracellular esterases to DCFH, and produces fluorescent DCF after oxidation, so the readout is used as an operational measure of total cellular oxidative stress rather than a species-specific ROS measurement. DHE and MitoSOX can report superoxide-related oxidation, but red fluorescence alone can include non-specific ethidium-like oxidation products; HPLC or optimized spectral approaches are

Periodic acid-Schiff staining detects tissue carbohydrates and mucosubstances by oxidizing carbohydrate glycol groups with periodic acid to generate aldehydes, which then react with Schiff reagent to produce a magenta reaction product; classic reports established the method for mucin and polysaccharide-containing structures in fixed tissue sections. PAS staining can demonstrate neutral mucins and goblet-cell mucin, but it is not specific for mucin because glycogen and other PAS-positive tissue components can also stain; diastase/PAS-D is used when glycogen removal is needed to distinguish glycogen-dependent PAS signal from non-glycogen PAS-positive mucosubstances.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive functions and loss of specific types of neurons and synapses. Alzheimer's symptoms can be simulated in mice by injecting drugs (such as Aβ) or genetically modified.