G6PI 325-339 (human)

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an autoimmune murine model of rheumatoid arthritis in which immunization with type II collagen (CII) emulsified in an adjuvant induces a T cell- and autoantibody-driven inflammatory arthritis characterized by synovial hyperplasia, immune cell infiltration, and joint destruction. The model typically relies on genetically susceptible mouse strains (e. g. , DBA/1) and reproduces key features of human rheumatoid arthritis, including anti-collagen immune responses and progressive joint inflammation. Disease onset generally occurs within ~3-4 weeks after immunization, depending on antigen/adjuvant combinations and protocol variation. The immunopathology is driven by adaptive immune activation against CII, leading to systemic and local joint inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and effector immune cells, making CIA a standard preclinical platform for evaluating immunomodulatory and anti-arthritic interventions.

Naïve CD4+ T-cell subset differentiation/polarization is an in vitro assay in which purified naïve CD4+ T cells are activated through TCR and CD28 costimulation and cultured with defined cytokines and neutralizing antibodies to generate Th0, Th1, Th2, Th17, or induced Treg-like populations. Differentiation is detected by subset-associated cytokines and transcription factors: IFN-γ/T-bet for Th1, IL-4/GATA3 for Th2, IL-17A/RORγt for Th17, and Foxp3 for induced Treg cells. The assay readout is usually generated by intracellular cytokine staining after restimulation, transcription-factor staining by flow cytometry, ELISA of secreted cytokines, or gene-expression analysis. The result reflects cytokine-directed lineage commitment or polarization rather than antigen-specific immune protection by itself.