Paraxanthine
Based on 2 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, provides protection against Dopaminergic cell death via stimulation of Ryanodine Receptor Channels.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 99.99%
- CAS No.: 611-59-6
- Formula: C7H8N4O2
- Molecular Weight:180.17
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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HY-B0809
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Paraxanthine
MoreAll Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
More
Biological Activity
Description
IC50 & Target
[1]|
Microbial Metabolite |
Ryanodine Receptor Channels |
Human Endogenous Metabolite |
In Vitro
When Paraxanthine (PX) is applied to the cultures for a prolonged period, the number of TH
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
Clinical Trial
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 611-59-6
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 180.17
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Formula C7H8N4O2
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C(N1C)NC2=C(N(C)C=N2)C1=O
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (2)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol
Pregnane X receptor activation induces liver enlargement and regeneration and simultaneously promotes the metabolic activity of CYP3A1/2 and CYP2C6/11 in rats. [Abstract]2024 Aug;135(2):148-163. PMID: 38887973 -
Chemosphere
Mass-balance-model-based evaluation of sewage treatment plant contribution to residual pharmaceuticals in environmental waters. [Abstract]2019 Jun:225:378-387. PMID: 30884299
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 25 mg/mL (138.76 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 70°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 1.56 mg/mL (8.66 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.56 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (15.6 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 1.56 mg/mL (8.66 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.56 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (15.6 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocols
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Cell Cytotoxicity Assay
Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.
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Mammalian live/dead viability and cytotoxicity staining
Live/dead viability and cytotoxicity staining assays are based on the simultaneous detection of intracellular esterase activity in metabolically active (viable) cells and membrane integrity loss in non-viable cells. In commonly used dual-staining approaches, membrane-permeant fluorogenic substrates are converted by intracellular esterases into fluorescent products in live cells, while impermeant DNA-binding dyes selectively enter cells with compromised plasma membranes and label nucleic acids in dead or dying cells, enabling discrimination between viable and non-viable populations by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Calcium Spark Assay
Calcium sparks are localized, transient increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) that occur in cardiac myocytes and represent elementary events underlying excitation-contraction coupling. These events are generated by the coordinated opening of clusters of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, leading to a brief release of Ca2+ into the cytosol. The detection and analysis of calcium sparks provide insights into the mechanisms of calcium handling and signaling in cardiac cells. Imaging techniques using fluorescent calcium indicators such as Fluo-3 are employed to visualize these subcellular calcium transients with high spatial and temporal resolution. The protocol is based on established methodologies described in primary literature for both experimental measurement and automated analysis of calcium sparks.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (288 KB)
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SDS (392 KB)
- English - EN (392 KB)
- Français - FR (392 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (392 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (392 KB)
- Español - ES (392 KB)
- Swedish - SV (392 KB)
- Italian - IT (392 KB)
- Korean - KR (392 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (392 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO | 1 mM | 5.5503 mL | 27.7516 mL | 55.5031 mL | 138.7578 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5503 mL | 11.1006 mL | 27.7516 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5550 mL | 2.7752 mL | 5.5503 mL | 13.8758 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3700 mL | 1.8501 mL | 3.7002 mL | 9.2505 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2775 mL | 1.3876 mL | 2.7752 mL | 6.9379 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2220 mL | 1.1101 mL | 2.2201 mL | 5.5503 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1850 mL | 0.9251 mL | 1.8501 mL | 4.6253 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1388 mL | 0.6938 mL | 1.3876 mL | 3.4689 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1110 mL | 0.5550 mL | 1.1101 mL | 2.7752 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0925 mL | 0.4625 mL | 0.9251 mL | 2.3126 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0694 mL | 0.3469 mL | 0.6938 mL | 1.7345 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0555 mL | 0.2775 mL | 0.5550 mL | 1.3876 mL |
Paraxanthine Related Classifications
HY-W016498 Related Classifications
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