5-AF594 tyramide

Multiplex immunofluorescence IHC detects multiple protein biomarkers in one tissue section by sequential antibody staining, HRP-mediated tyramide fluorophore deposition, heat-mediated antibody stripping, nuclear counterstaining, multispectral imaging, spectral unmixing, and digital cell phenotyping; TSA deposits fluorophore near the antigen so the fluorescence signal remains after primary and secondary antibodies are removed, enabling repeated staining cycles, including with antibodies from the same host species. Classic FFPE tumor immune-profiling applications use panels such as CD3, CD8, CD68/CD163, FOXP3, PD-1, PD-L1, pancytokeratin, Ki67, and DAPI to identify tumor cells, immune-cell subsets, checkpoint-marker expression, co-expression phenotypes, cell density, and spatial relationships in the tumor microenvironment.

Polymer-based two-step IHC detects tissue antigens by first binding an unlabeled primary antibody to the antigen and then applying an HRP-polymer secondary reagent that carries multiple secondary antibodies and HRP molecules on a polymer backbone; the localized HRP converts chromogens such as DAB or AEC into visible deposits for light-microscopic interpretation. The method is \"two-step\" because the primary antibody step is followed directly by the polymer-enzyme secondary reagent, rather than by separate secondary-antibody and avidin-biotin complex steps; published comparisons reported similar or higher sensitivity than several multistep systems and avoidance of endogenous-biotin interference.

Avidin-biotin or streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemistry detects tissue antigens by binding a primary antibody to the target antigen, then detecting that antibody with a biotinylated antibody and an avidin-biotin-enzyme or streptavidin-enzyme detection complex; the enzyme reaction produces a visible chromogenic deposit at the antigen site for light-microscopic localization. The classic ABC method uses the high-affinity avidin-biotin interaction to bridge biotinylated secondary antibody and biotinylated peroxidase, and early comparative studies reported stronger immunoperoxidase staining than PAP-based methods in formalin-fixed tissue sections.

Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC), also known as tyramide dignal amplification (TSA), is an enzymatic detection method that uses horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to perform high-density in-situ labeling of target proteins or nucleic acids.