2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0901B
    Corynoxine hydrochloride
    		Activator
    Corynoxine hydrochloride, a tetracyclic oxindole alkaloid, is isolated from the hooks of Uncaria macrophylla. Corynoxine hydrochloride is a natural autophagy enhancer that promotes the clearance of alpha-synuclein via Akt/mTOR pathway.
    Corynoxine hydrochloride
  • HY-10297R
    Omipalisib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Omipalisib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Omipalisib (HY-10297). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Omipalisib (GSK2126458) is an orally active and highly selective inhibitor of PI3K with Kis of 0.019 nM/0.13 nM/0.024 nM/0.06 nM and 0.18 nM/0.3 nM for p110α/β/δ/γ, mTORC1/2, respectively. Omipalisib has anti-cancer activity.
    Omipalisib (Standard)
  • HY-10029R
    Nutlin-3a (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nutlin-3a (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nutlin-3a (HY-10029). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nutlin-3a (Rebemadlin), an active enantiomer of Nutlin-3, is a potent murine double minute (MDM2) inhibitor (IC50=90 nM). Nutlin-3a inhibits MDM2-p53 interactions and stabilizes the p53 protein, and induces cell autophagy and apoptosis. Nutlin-3a has the potential for the study of TP53 wild-type ovarian carcinomas.
    Nutlin-3a (Standard)
  • HY-B1287S
    Citalopram-d3 hydrobromide
    		Inducer
    Citalopram-d3 ((±)-Citalopram-d3) hydrobromide is deuterium labeled Citalopram (hydrobromide). Citalopram hydrobromide is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Citalopram hydrobromide inhibits 5-HT uptake into synaptosomes with an IC50 of 1.8 nM. Citalopram hydrobromideinhibits the 5-HT uptake in rabbit blood platelets with an IC50 of 14 nM. Antidepressant effect.
    Citalopram-d<sub>3</sub> hydrobromide
  • HY-50514R
    AT9283 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    AT9283 (Standard) is the analytical standard of AT9283. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. AT9283 is a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor with potent activity against Aurora A/B, JAK2/3, Abl (T315I) and Flt3 (IC50s ranging from 1 to 30 nM). AT9283 inhibits growth and survival of multiple solid tumors in vitro and in vivo.
    AT9283 (Standard)
  • HY-103157R
    PD146176 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    PD146176 (Standard) is the analytical standard of PD146176. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PD146176 (NSC168807), a 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LO) inhibitor, inhibits rabbit reticulocyte 15-LO (Ki=197 nM, IC50=0.54 μM). PD146176 reverses cognitive impairment, brain amyloidosis, and tau pathology by stimulating autophagy in aged triple transgenic mice.
    PD146176 (Standard)
  • HY-13418R
    Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dorsomorphin (dihydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dorsomorphin (dihydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dorsomorphin (Compound C) dihydrochloride is a potent, selective and ATP-competitive AMPK inhibitor, with a Ki of 109 nM. Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride inhibits BMP pathway by targeting the type I receptors ALK2, ALK3, and ALK6. Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride can reverse autophagy activation and anti-inflammatory effect of Urolithin A (HY-100599).
    Dorsomorphin dihydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0180BR
    Imiquimod maleate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod (maleate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imiquimod (maleate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imiquimod maleate (R 837 maleate), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod maleate exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod maleate can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod maleate (Standard)
  • HY-101923BR
    LYN-1604 dihydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    LYN-1604 dihydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of LYN-1604 dihydrochloride (HY-101923B). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. LYN-1604 dihydrochloride is a potent UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) activator (EC50=18.94 nM) for the research of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
    LYN-1604 dihydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0180AR
    Imiquimod hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Imiquimod (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Imiquimod (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Imiquimod hydrochloride (R 837 hydrochloride), an immune response modifier, is a selective toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Imiquimod hydrochloride exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects in vivo. Imiquimod hydrochloride can be used for the research of external genital, perianal warts, cancer and COVID-19.
    Imiquimod hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-100733R
    4E2RCat (Standard)
    4E2RCat (Standard) is the analytical standard of 4E2RCat (HY-100733). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 4E2RCat is an inhibitor of eIF4E-eIF4G interaction with an IC50 of 13.5 μM.
    4E2RCat (Standard)
  • HY-10295R
    SB 202190 (Standard)
    		Inducer
    SB 202190 (Standard) is the analytical standard of SB 202190. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. SB 202190 is a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 50 nM and 100 nM for p38α and p38β2, respectively. SB 202190 binds to the ATP pocket of the active recombinant human p38 kinase with a Kd of 38 nM. SB 202190 has anti-cancer activity and rescued memory deficits. SB202190 induces autophagy.
    SB 202190 (Standard)
  • HY-10115AR
    PI-103 Hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    PI-103 (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of PI-103 (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PI-103 Hydrochloride is a dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor with IC50s of 8 nM, 88 nM, 48 nM, 150 nM, 20 nM, and 83 nM for p110α, p110β, p110δ, p110γ, mTORC1, and mTORC2. PI-103 Hydrochloride also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 2 nM. PI-103 Hydrochloride induces autophagy.
    PI-103 Hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-169483
    PDIC-NC
    		Inducer
    PDIC-NC is a STING agonist. PDIC-NC is cytotoxic to tumor cells and induces ROS explosion, apoptosis and autophagy. PDIC-NC has lung specific distribution and can be used in the study of lung cancer.
    PDIC-NC
  • HY-10159AR
    Nilotinib monohydrochloride monohydrate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Nilotinib (monohydrochloride monohydrate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Nilotinib (monohydrochloride monohydrate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Nilotinib monohydrochloride monohydrate is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is significantly potent against BCR-ABL, and is active against many BCR-ABL mutants.
    Nilotinib monohydrochloride monohydrate (Standard)
  • HY-N0723R
    Neomangiferin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Neomangiferin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Neomangiferin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Neomangiferin is an orally active natural flavonoid. Neomangiferin partially ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by regulating the expression of genes related to free fatty acid uptake and lipid oxidation. Neomangiferin exerts anti-colitis effects by inhibiting Th17/Treg cell differentiation. Neomangiferin exerts anti-aging and lifespan-extending effects by targeting upregulation of bas-1, which in turn activates the autophagy, IIS and MAPK pathways. Neomangiferin has the potential to prevent aseptic loosening of prostheses after total joint arthroplasty due to its significant anti-inflammatory and osteoclastogenesis-inhibiting effects.
    Neomangiferin (Standard)
  • HY-N0176S6
    Dihydroartemisinin-d
    Dihydroartemisinin-d (Dihydroqinghaosu-d) is the deuterium labeled Dihydroartemisinin (HY-N0176). Dihydroartemisinin is an orally active metabolite of rtemisinin (HY-B0094) and antimalarial agent. Dihydroartemisinin induces Autophagy by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Dihydroartemisinin promotes ROS accumulation. Dihydroartemisinin exhibits anticancer activity in esophageal cancer cells. Dihydroartemisinin shows schistosomicidal activity against juvenile and adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum, reduces worm burden, and displays antiparasitic activity. Dihydroartemisinin can be used in research related to multiple myeloma, promyelocytic leukemia, esophageal cancer, and Schistosoma japonicum infection.
    Dihydroartemisinin-d
  • HY-13725AR
    Pirarubicin Hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pirarubicin (Hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pirarubicin (Hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pirarubicin Hydrochloride is an anthracycline antibiotics, acts as a topoisomerase II inhibitor, and is a widely used for treatment of various cancers, in particular, solid tumors.
    Pirarubicin Hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-B0627S1
    Metformin-13C2 (hydrochloride)
    Metformin-13C2 (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide-13C2) hydrochloride is the 13C-labeled Metformin hydrochloride (HY-17471A). Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.
    Metformin-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub> (hydrochloride)
  • HY-107439
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2 (Cereblon Ligand-Linker Conjugates 2), a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and a linker, can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-C8-NH2
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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