Dihexyl phthalate
Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Dihexyl phthalate is an orally active phthalate ester (PAEs) widely used as a plasticizer, and it acts as an environmental endocrine disruptor. Dihexyl phthalate exhibits endocrine-disrupting and reproductive toxic properties, induces oxidative stress and inflammation, and ultimately causes apoptosis and damage to reproductive organs such as the testes. Dihexyl phthalate can be used in studies related to developmental toxicity, embryonic lethality, teratogenicity, and abnormal development of the male reproductive system.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 98.73%
- CAS No.: 84-75-3
- Formula: C20H30O4
- Molecular Weight:334.46
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Storage:
Store at room temperature 3 years.
In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Dihexyl phthalate
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Biological Activity
Description
In Vitro
Dihexyl phthalate (100 μg/mL; 10 min at 37°C) inhibits phenoloxidase activity in hemocytes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and reduces the production of superoxide anions in hemocytes[3].
Dihexyl phthalate (100 μg/mL; ≥10 min) induces time-dependent morphological changes and apoptosis in hemocytes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[3].
Dihexyl phthalate (1-10 μg/L; 6-24 h) promotes biofilm formation, increases biomass, and enhances resistance to sodium hypochlorite disinfectant in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms; it upregulates the expression of quorum sensing-related genes, bacterial adhesion genes, EPS secretion genes, and antioxidant system genes; significantly increases the production of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA, and proteins; and increases biofilm density, elevates the live/dead cell ratio, as well as increases elastic modulus and surface roughness[4].
Dihexyl phthalate (1-10 μg/L; 3 h) increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa[4].
Dihexyl phthalate (1-10 μg/L) increases cellular ATP activity, enhances the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, elevates glutathione concentration, and reduces the overall reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms[4].
Dihexyl phthalate (100 μg/mL; 10 min) inhibits adhesion and pseudopodium formation of hemocytes from Macrobrachium rosenbergii, reducing the proportion of adherent cells to 85.0% of that in the control group and the proportion of pseudopodium-forming cells to 17.6% of that in the control group[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
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Concentration:1, 2, 5, 10 μg/L
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Incubation Time:6 h
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Result:Significantly upregulated the expression of genes associated with quorum sensing secretion (lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR), bacterial adherence (sagS), EPS excretion (pslA, pelA), and the antioxidative system (sodM, msrB).
In Vivo
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Sprague-Dawley (female primiparous, 180-200 g, pregnant exposed during gestational days 6-20)[2]
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Dosage:250 mg/kg; 500 mg/kg; 750 mg/kg
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Administration:p.o.; once daily; gestational days 6-20
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Result:Caused maternal toxicity at 750 mg/kg/day, evidenced by significant reductions in maternal food consumption and body weight gain.
Caused a slight but significant increase in liver weight and induced cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation activity (a peroxisomal enzyme marker).
Caused a high incidence of post-implantation loss (severe embryolethality) at 750 mg/kg/day.
Caused a significant decrease in fetal body weight and induced external, visceral, and skeletal malformations (mainly including cleft palate, eye defects, and axial skeleton abnormalities) at 500 and 750 mg/kg/day.
Caused a dose-related, significant reduction in the anogenital distance (AGD) of male fetuses at all doses (250, 500, 750 mg/kg/day).
Increased the incidence of undescended testes in male fetuses at 500 and 750 mg/kg/day.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 84-75-3
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Appearance Liquid (Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3)
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Molecular Weight 334.46
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Formula C20H30O4
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Color Colorless to light yellow
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SMILES
O=C(OCCCCCC)C1=CC=CC=C1C(OCCCCCC)=O
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Store at room temperature 3 years
In solvent -80°C 2 years -20°C 1 year
Publications (1)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 83.33 mg/mL (249.15 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (7.47 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: 2.5 mg/mL (7.47 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic
This protocol yields a suspended solution of 2.5 mg/mL. Suspended solution can be used for oral and intraperitoneal injection.
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocols
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Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Study
Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies detect adverse effects of prenatal or peri/postnatal exposure on maternal condition, pregnancy maintenance, embryo-fetal survival, fetal growth, structural development, and offspring reproductive or developmental endpoints; classic rat protocols generate readouts by comparing treated groups with vehicle, pair-fed, or untreated controls for implantation, resorption, fetal weight, crown-rump length, external morphology, visceral morphology, skeletal ossification, anogenital distance, nipple/areola retention, and postnatal cohort outcomes.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining
ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining uses cell-permeant fluorogenic probes that become fluorescent after oxidation inside cells or tissues; commonly used examples include DCFH-DA/DCFDA for broad cellular oxidant detection, DHE for superoxide-related signal detection, MitoSOX for mitochondrial superoxide-related signal detection, and CellROX probes for oxidative-stress-associated fluorescence readouts. The assay detects probe oxidation rather than a single ROS species unless the probe and analysis method have been chemically validated for that species. DCFH-DA enters cells, is deacetylated by intracellular esterases to DCFH, and produces fluorescent DCF after oxidation, so the readout is used as an operational measure of total cellular oxidative stress rather than a species-specific ROS measurement. DHE and MitoSOX can report superoxide-related oxidation, but red fluorescence alone can include non-specific ethidium-like oxidation products; HPLC or optimized spectral approaches are
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Research Protocol for Inflammation-related Diseases
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytosolic innate immune signaling platform that integrates priming signals and danger-signal activation to promote caspase-1 activation, maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. The core experimental logic is to determine whether inflammatory disease phenotypes are driven by increased NLRP3 expression, ASC-containing inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, and extracellular release of IL-1β/IL-18 rather than by nonspecific cell injury alone. The pathway is strongly linked to inflammation-related disease phenotypes because monosodium urate crystals activate NALP3/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in gout-like crystal inflammation, cholesterol crystals activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in atherogenesis models, and DSS-induced intestinal inflammation has been reported to involve NLRP3 inflammasome activity. However, experimental colitis studies also show context-dependent protective effects of NLRP3 inflammasome co
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (288 KB)
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SDS (478 KB)
- English - EN (478 KB)
- Français - FR (478 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (478 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (478 KB)
- Español - ES (478 KB)
- Swedish - SV (478 KB)
- Italian - IT (478 KB)
- Korean - KR (478 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (478 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 2.9899 mL | 14.9495 mL | 29.8989 mL | 74.7474 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.5980 mL | 2.9899 mL | 5.9798 mL | 14.9495 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2990 mL | 1.4949 mL | 2.9899 mL | 7.4747 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1993 mL | 0.9966 mL | 1.9933 mL | 4.9832 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1495 mL | 0.7475 mL | 1.4949 mL | 3.7374 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1196 mL | 0.5980 mL | 1.1960 mL | 2.9899 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0997 mL | 0.4983 mL | 0.9966 mL | 2.4916 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0747 mL | 0.3737 mL | 0.7475 mL | 1.8687 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0598 mL | 0.2990 mL | 0.5980 mL | 1.4949 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0498 mL | 0.2492 mL | 0.4983 mL | 1.2458 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0374 mL | 0.1869 mL | 0.3737 mL | 0.9343 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0299 mL | 0.1495 mL | 0.2990 mL | 0.7475 mL |
Dihexyl phthalate Related Classifications
HY-W011215 Related Classifications
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Keywords
- Dihexyl phthalate
- 84-75-3
- Apoptosis
- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
- teratogenicity
- phenoloxidase
- hemocyte apoptosis
- Sprague-Dawley rats
- giant freshwater prawn hemocytes
- male reproductive system developmental abnormalities
- embryolethality
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
- biofilm formation
- developmental toxicity
- Inhibitor
- inhibitor
- inhibit