Phenytoin
Based on 7 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a potent Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) blocker. Phenytoin has antiepileptic activity and reduces breast tumour growth and metastasis in mice.
Para uso exclusivo en investigación. No vendemos a pacientes.
- Pureza : 99.95%
- No. CAS: 57-41-0
- Fòrmula: C15H12N2O2
- Peso molecular:252.27
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Almacenamiento:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year
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Actividad biológica
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Chemical Information
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Solvente y solubilidad
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Phenytoin
More- Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2026 Jul 8.
- Emerg Contam. 2026 Feb 23.
- Cell Rep Methods. 2023 Oct 23;3(10):100599. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Feb:115:109706. [Abstract]
- Regen Ther. 2023 Jul 6:24:201-210. [Abstract]
- University of Glasgow. 2023.
- Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. [Abstract]
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
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In Vivo Efficacy Study
Actividad biológica
Descripciòn
Cellular Effect
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHO | IC50 |
21.9 μM
Compound: phenytoin
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Inhibition of Cav1.2 current measured using QPatch automatic path clamp system in CHO cells expressing Cav1.2, beta-2 and alpha-2/delta-1 subunits
Inhibition of Cav1.2 current measured using QPatch automatic path clamp system in CHO cells expressing Cav1.2, beta-2 and alpha-2/delta-1 subunits
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[PMID: 23812503] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
>100 μM
Compound: 24
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Inhibition of human Nav1.2 channel expressed in HEK cells by patch-clamp electrophysiology method
Inhibition of human Nav1.2 channel expressed in HEK cells by patch-clamp electrophysiology method
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[PMID: 19394229] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
>100 μM
Compound: phenytoin
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Inhibition of human NaV1.2 expressed in HEK cells at -60 mV holding potential by patch clamp recording technique
Inhibition of human NaV1.2 expressed in HEK cells at -60 mV holding potential by patch clamp recording technique
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[PMID: 20943396] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
49 μM
Compound: Phenytoin
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Inhibition of sodium current measured using whole-cell patch clamp experiments in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with hNaV1.5 cDNA
Inhibition of sodium current measured using whole-cell patch clamp experiments in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with hNaV1.5 cDNA
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[PMID: 21300721] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
>100 μM
Compound: DPH
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Inhibition of human voltage-gated sodium channel 1.5 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as changes in membranre potential after 45 mins by FRET analysis
Inhibition of human voltage-gated sodium channel 1.5 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as changes in membranre potential after 45 mins by FRET analysis
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[PMID: 22364743] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
>100 μM
Compound: DPH
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Inhibition of human voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as changes in membranre potential after 45 mins by FRET analysis
Inhibition of human voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as changes in membranre potential after 45 mins by FRET analysis
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[PMID: 22364743] |
| HEK293 | IC50 |
125 μM
Compound: Phenytoin
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Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using 2-electrode voltage-clamp in human embryonic kidney cells heterologically expressing alpha-1C subunit
Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using 2-electrode voltage-clamp in human embryonic kidney cells heterologically expressing alpha-1C subunit
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[PMID: 22761000] |
| HT-29 | EC50 |
500 μM
Compound: 91
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Anti-necroptic activity in TNF alpha induced cell death in human HT-29 cells preincubated for 1 hr with compound and measured after 15 hrs in presence of TNFalpha/zVAD
Anti-necroptic activity in TNF alpha induced cell death in human HT-29 cells preincubated for 1 hr with compound and measured after 15 hrs in presence of TNFalpha/zVAD
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[PMID: 36346971] |
| L929 | EC50 |
500 μM
Compound: 91
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Anti-necroptic activity in mouse L929 cells incubated for 2 hrs in presence of TNF/vVAD-fmk
Anti-necroptic activity in mouse L929 cells incubated for 2 hrs in presence of TNF/vVAD-fmk
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[PMID: 36346971] |
| Oocyte | IC50 |
9.8 μM
Compound: 5
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Inhibition of human aquaporin 4 M23 isoform expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes
Inhibition of human aquaporin 4 M23 isoform expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes
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[PMID: 18178093] |
| Ventricular myocyte | IC50 |
103 μM
Compound: Phenytoin
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Inhibition of calcium current (ICaL) measured using whole-cell patch clamp experiments in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes
Inhibition of calcium current (ICaL) measured using whole-cell patch clamp experiments in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes
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[PMID: 21300721] |
| Ventricular myocyte | IC50 |
103 μM
Compound: Phenytoin
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Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using whole-cell patch clamp in guinea pig ventricular myocytes
Inhibition of L-type calcium channel measured using whole-cell patch clamp in guinea pig ventricular myocytes
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[PMID: 22761000] |
In Vitro
Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug. It is useful to partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures but not primary generalized seizures such as absence seizures or myoclonic seizures. Phenytoin is believed to protect against seizures by causing voltage-dependent block of voltage-gated sodium channels[2].
Phenytoin has low affinity for resting sodium channels at hyperpolarized membrane potentials[3].
When neurons are depolarized and the channels transition into the open and inactivated states, greater binding and block occur. The inhibitory potency is strongly use dependent, so that block accumulates with prolonged or repetitive activation, such as occurs during a seizure discharge. The blocking of sodium channels by phenytoin is of slow onset. The time course of fast sodium currents is therefore not altered in the presence of the drug and action potentials evoked by synaptic depolarizations of ordinary duration are not blocked. Thus phenytoin is able to selectively inhibit pathological hyperexcitability in epilepsy without unduly impairing ongoing activity. Phenytoin also blocks persistent sodium current and this may be of particular importance in seizure control. Phenytoin is a class 1b antiarrhythmic[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Induced Disease Models
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.
Phenytoin (60 mg/kg; once daily for 28 days) sodium reduces MDA-MB-231 cells in six-week-old female Rag2-/- Il2rg-/- mice[1].
Phenytoin can induce a model of gingival hyperplasia in mice[6].
Administration: 30 mg/kg • miniosmotic pumps • 0.5-μL/h • 2 weeks
(2) Pumps are replaced every 2 weeks throughout the 12-week experimental period.
(3) Mice are then euthanized and heads are immediately placed in freshly made 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours for fixation.
Histomorphometry: Increased epithelial thickness and area in the maxillary anterior zone.
Molecular changes: Ccn2 is overexpressed in all regions of the epithelium; TGF-β1 and LOXL2 is overexpressed in both epithelial and connective tissues.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Ensayo clínico
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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No. CAS 57-41-0
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Appearance Solid
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Peso molecular 252.27
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Fòrmula C15H12N2O2
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C1NC(C(C2=CC=CC=C2)(C3=CC=CC=C3)N1)=O
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Synonyms
5,5-Diphenylhydantoin
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Envío
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Almacenamiento
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 2 years -20°C 1 year
Publications (7)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Cell Rep Methods
RECOVER identifies synergistic drug combinations in vitro through sequential model optimization. [Abstract]2023 Oct 23;3(10):100599. PMID: 37797618 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Lidocaine inhibits influenza a virus replication by up-regulating IFNα4 via TBK1-IRF7 and JNK-AP1 signaling pathways. [Abstract]2023 Feb:115:109706. PMID: 36638664 -
Regen Ther
Phenytoin regulates osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells by PI3K/Akt pathway. [Abstract]2023 Jul 6:24:201-210. PMID: 37448850 -
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Oxid Med Cell Longev
Ageing Increases Cardiac Electrical Remodelling in Rats and Mice via NOX4/ROS/CaMKII-Mediated Calcium Signalling. [Abstract]2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. PMID: 35387264
Phenytoin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. [Abstract]
Phenytoin (Isoproterenol, ISO, 1 mg/kg, i.p.). The typical ECG recording showing that ageing increased susceptibility to ISO-induced arrhythmias using PES with PCL from 90 ms to 30 ms.
Phenytoin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. [Abstract]
Histogram of the VT occurrence rate in young and old mice with or without treatment of Phenytoin (Isoproterenol, ISO, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) (∗∗P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗P < 0.001).
Phenytoin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. [Abstract]
The typical APD80 map and AP trace (young: black line; old: red line) in intact Langendorff perfused young and old mouse hearts before and following Phenytoin (Isoproterenol, ISO, 1μM) challenge in pacing at 10 Hz.
Phenytoin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. [Abstract]
Quantitative analysis of APD80 from individual hearts in young and old mice before and following Phenytoin (Isoproterenol, ISO, 1μM) (∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, and ∗∗∗P < 0.001).
Phenytoin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. [Abstract]
Ageing induced fractional increases in APD80 challenged by Phenytoin (Isoproterenol, ISO, 1μM) (ΔAPD80) (P > 0.05).
Phenytoin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. [Abstract]
The typical CaTD50 map and calcium transient trace (young: black line; old: red line) in intact Langendorff perfused young and old mouse hearts before and following Phenytoin (Isoproterenol, ISO, 1μM) challenge in pacing at 10 Hz.
Phenytoin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Mar 28;2022:8538296. [Abstract]
Histogram showing the τ30–90 in young and old mice before and following Phenytoin (Isoproterenol, ISO, 1μM) pacing at 10 Hz (∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01). n = 5 (each group).
Solvente y solubilidad
In Vitro:
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (198.20 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.91 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.91 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Pureza y Documentación
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Ficha de datos (288 KB)
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SDS (419 KB)
- English - EN (419 KB)
- Français - FR (419 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (419 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (419 KB)
- Español - ES (419 KB)
- Swedish - SV (419 KB)
- Italian - IT (419 KB)
- Korean - KR (419 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (419 KB)
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Instrucciones de manejo (2659 KB)
Referencias
[1]. Michaela Nelson, et al. The sodium channel-blocking antiepileptic drug phenytoin inhibits breast tumour growth and metastasis. Mol Cancer. 2015 Jan 27;14(1):13. [Content Brief]
[2]. Rogawski, M.A. and W. Loscher, The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2004. 5(7): p. 553-64. [Content Brief]
[3]. Porter, R.J., et al., Mechanisms of action of antiseizure drugs. Handb Clin Neurol, 2012. 108: p. 663-81. [Content Brief]
[4]. Balaji, S., Medical therapy for sudden death. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2004. 51(5): p. 1379-87. [Content Brief]
[5]. Assaggaf MA, et al. Prevention of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth by lovastatin in mice. Am J Pathol. 2015 Jun;185(6):1588-99. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.9640 mL | 19.8200 mL | 39.6401 mL | 99.1002 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.7928 mL | 3.9640 mL | 7.9280 mL | 19.8200 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3964 mL | 1.9820 mL | 3.9640 mL | 9.9100 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2643 mL | 1.3213 mL | 2.6427 mL | 6.6067 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1982 mL | 0.9910 mL | 1.9820 mL | 4.9550 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1586 mL | 0.7928 mL | 1.5856 mL | 3.9640 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1321 mL | 0.6607 mL | 1.3213 mL | 3.3033 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0991 mL | 0.4955 mL | 0.9910 mL | 2.4775 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0793 mL | 0.3964 mL | 0.7928 mL | 1.9820 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0661 mL | 0.3303 mL | 0.6607 mL | 1.6517 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0496 mL | 0.2478 mL | 0.4955 mL | 1.2388 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0396 mL | 0.1982 mL | 0.3964 mL | 0.9910 mL |
Phenytoin Related Classifications
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