Toxicity of the bionematicide 1,4-naphthoquinone on non-target soil organisms

  • Chemosphere. 2017 Aug:181:579-588. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.092.
S Chelinho  1 ,  C M N Maleita  2 ,  R Francisco  3 ,  M E M Braga  4 ,  M J M da Cunha  5 ,  I Abrantes  6 ,  H C de Sousa  7 ,  P V Morais  8 ,  J P Sousa  9
Affiliations
  • 1. CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • 2. CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal; CIEPQPF - Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, P-3030 790, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • 3. Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal; CEMUC - Centre for Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pinhal de Marrocos, P-3030 788, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • 4. CIEPQPF - Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, P-3030 790, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • 5. CERNAS - Centre of Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Department of Agronomic Sciences, Coimbra Higher School of Agriculture, Bencanta, P-3045 601, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • 6. CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • 7. CIEPQPF - Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, P-3030 790, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • 8. Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal; CEMUC - Centre for Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Pinhal de Marrocos, P-3030 788, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
  • 9. CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal. Electronic address: [email protected].
PMID: 28467951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.092
Abstract

The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NTQ), a natural-origin compound presenting nematicidal activity, that can be obtained from walnut husk, in Plants and soil invertebrates, including non-target soil nematode communities. This research was part of an ongoing project that aims to develop environmentally-friendly nematicides obtained from agricultural residues. The battery of ISO tests included emergence and growth of corn (Zea mays) and rape (Brassica napus); avoidance with the earthworm Eisenia andrei and the collembolan Folsomia candida; and reproduction with the previous species plus the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus. A novel soil nematode community assay was also performed. ISO tests and nematode assays were conducted using a natural uncontaminated soil that was spiked with a range of 1,4-NTQ concentrations. Toxicity of 1,4-NTQ was found for all test-species and the most sensitive were F. candida and E. andrei. After 7 days of exposure to 1,4-NTQ, nematode abundance decreased along the concentration gradient, and a partial recovery was observed after 14 days (1,4-NTQ <48 mg kg-1 soil). The number of nematode families consistently decreased in both periods. Overall, results indicate that a 1,4-NTQ concentration of <20 mg kg-1 could be environmentally safe but preliminary data suggest that it might be ineffective for the target-nematodes, root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. In addition, if higher dosages of 1,4-NTQ bionematicide are necessary, the potential recovery of non-target organisms under real field scenarios also needs to be assessed.

Keywords
Agricultural wastes; Biopesticides; Plant-parasitic nematodes; Soil ecotoxicology; Soil invertebrates.
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