Polysaccharides

D-Glucan is an orally effective Dectin-1 receptor immune activator with antioxidant properties (reducing TNF-α). D-Glucan activates macrophages and neutrophils to scavenge free radicals, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and improve insulin sensitivity. D-Glucan promotes glycolysis by enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and activating GK. D-Glucan can be used in the research of liver damage protection (antagonizing Acetaminophen (HY-66005) toxicity), radiation protection (synergistic with vitamin E) and diabetes (improving glucose metabolism).

λ-Carrageenan is a seaweed polysaccharide which has been generally used as proinflammatory agent in the basic research. λ-Carrageenan is a potent antitumor agent.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) (MW 250000) is a sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose has adsorption and corrosion inhibition on low-carbon steel in an acidic medium. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose can be used as a thickener, paste and barrier agent.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Viscosity:5000-15000 mPa.s) is the sodium salt of cellulose arboxymethyl and frequently used as viscous agent, paste and barrier agent.

Lentinan is an orally active biocompatible multifunctional polysaccharide with biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune regulation, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering^[1][4].

Methyl cellulose (MC) (Viscosity:400mPa.s) is a non-ionic cellulose ether with surface activity and thermogelation properties. Methyl cellulose (Viscosity:400mPa.s) is widely used as drug delivery agents, thickeners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, etc., in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and construction.

Carboxymethyl chitosan is a derivative of chitosan. Carboxymethyl chitosan inhibits Apoptosis and ROS. Carboxymethyl chitosan increases the expression of Bcl-2 and reduces the expression of Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3. Carboxymethyl chitosan inhibits the migration of various cells. Carboxymethyl chitosan exerts antitumor effects on Lewis tumors and hepatocarcinoma.

Inulin is an orally active prebiotic targeting the intestinal microbiota, selectively promoting the proliferation and activity of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria, and playing a role in regulating the intestinal microecology. The functions of Inulin include: Fermentation by probiotics in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids (such as butyrate and propionate), lowering the intestinal pH and inhibiting the overgrowth of harmful bacteria; Enhancing the intestinal barrier function and reducing endotoxin translocation; Directly scavenging free radicals (such as superoxide free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals) and activating antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) to reduce oxidative stress. Inulin can also be used in the study of intestinal diseases (constipation, IBD), metabolic syndrome (diabetes, obesity) and liver damage by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism (such as reducing triglycerides, improving insulin sensitivity) and immune response (enhancing NK cell activity, inhibiting inflammatory factors)[1][2][3][4].

Dextran (Dextran 40) has an inhibitory effect on thrombocyte aggregation and coagulation factors and is used as a plasma volume expander.

Hydroxyethyl starch (MW170-230 kDa) is a type of hydroxyethyl starch with a molecular weight of 170-230 kDa. A medium-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES 200/0.62) exhibits minimal intravascular hydrolysis. The rapidly degradable medium-molecular-weight Hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 causes almost no coagulation disorders and improves hemorheological parameters.

Mannan is an orally active polysaccharide compound that binds to the mannose receptor (MR). Mannan promotes bacterial uptake and endosomal degradation by binding to MR, thereby enhancing the production of IL-12 in immune cells. Mannan enhances ROS production. Mannan modulates immunity, inhibits Aflatoxin B₁ (HY-N6615)-induced toxicity, and reduces lipid.

Chitosan (Deacetylated chitin) (≥95% deacetylated,viscosity 100-200 mPa.s) is a polysaccharide obtained by deacetylating chitin, and exhibits antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi.

Chitin, from crab carapace (powder),biomedical research grade is a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine with β-(1-4) linkages. Chitin, from crab carapace (powder),biomedical research grade is found in the exoskeleton of crabs. Chitin, from crab carapace (powder),biomedical research grade inhibits the activation of NF-κB p65, alters the translocation of NF-κB p65 to the nucleus, and interacts with the cell wall of Candida species. Chitin, from crab carapace (powder),biomedical research grade exerts antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. Chitin, from crab carapace (powder),biomedical research grade can be used in the research of gastric ulcer and candidiasis.

Agarose,Low melting point is a kind of agarose, a kind of polysaccharide that can be derived from seaweed. It is commonly used in molecular biology and biochemistry to isolate and purify DNA and RNA fragments. Agarose,Low melting point is a low melting point agarose, which is suitable for the recovery of large DNA fragments and enzymatic reactions in gels and other applications. In addition, it has been used in various techniques, such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis for analyzing genetic material.

Sodium alginate is the sodium salt of alginic acid. Sodium alginate can be extracted and purified from brown seaweed Laminaria japonica. Sodium alginate can be used in food additives and pharmaceuticals, adsorb heavy metal ions, and has mucosal-protective and hemostatic effects.

Xanthan gum interacts with gelatin (HY-Y1365) via hydrogen bonds, thereby increasing the viscosity and stability of the hydrogel while promoting cell growth and creating a microenvironment conducive to cell differentiation^[1][2]. Xanthan gum induces pro-inflammatory responses by increasing the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. Xanthan gum can be used for inflammation and immunology research.

HPMC (Hypromellose) (Type II,Viscosity:5mPa.s) is a hydrophilic, non-ionic cellulose ether used to form swellable-soluble matrices. HPMC (Type II,Viscosity:5mPa.s) is widely used in agent formulations due to its biocompatibility, uncharged nature, solubility in water and thermoplastic behavior.

Chondroitin sulfate sodium (from shark cartilage), one of five classes of glycosaminoglycans, has been widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate reduces inflammation mediators and the apoptotic process and is able to reduce protein production of inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and MMPs.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (average Mw 90000, DS=0.7, Viscosity:50-200 mPa.s) is the sodium salt of cellulose arboxymethyl and frequently used as viscous agent, paste and barrier agent.

Gum Arabic is an orally active complex branched polysaccharide. Gum Arabic can be isolated from the Acacia senegal tree. Gum Arabic upregulates the expression of maturation markers (CD86, CD40, and CD54), promotes ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and inhibits Apoptosis. Gum Arabic exhibits antimalarial effects against Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Gum Arabic exhibits hepatoprotective, renal, and cardiovascular protective activities. Gum Arabic improves obesity. Gum Arabic is commonly used as a stabilizer and thickener. Gum Arabic can be used in the research of brain tumor imaging.