Amarogentin
Based on 2 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Amarogentin is a secoiridoid glycoside that is mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots. Amarogentin exhibits many biological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. Amarogentin exerts hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Amarogentin promotes apoptosis, arrests G2/M cell cycle and downregulates of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. Amarogentin exerts beneficial vasculo-metabolic effect by activating AMPK.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 99.93%
- CAS No.: 21018-84-8
- Formula: C29H30O13
- Molecular Weight:586.54
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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HY-N0494
GentiopicrosideCytochrome P450 Inhibitor -
HY-N0807
SwertiamarinNatural Product -
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Ginsenoside Rg6NF-κB Inhibitor -
HY-N2447R
Amarogentin (Standard)AMPK Activator -
HY-B0627
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[6]-GingerolApoptosis Inducer -
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Bempedoic acidACL Inhibitor/AMPK Activator -
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Amarogentin
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Customer Validation & Images
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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Flow Cytometry
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IF
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Cell Migration/Invasion Assay
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Cell Migration/Invasion Assay
All AMPK Isoforms
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Biological Activity
Description
In Vitro
Amarogentin (0-20 μM, 24 h) shows antiaging effect on yeasts, by inhibiting oxidative stress[3].
Amarogentin (0-10 μM, 24 h) inhibits H2O2-induced oxidative damage (decreased intracellular ROS level and MDA content) in the PC12 cells[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
In Vivo
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Carbon tetrachloride (HY-Y0298)-induced liver fibrosis mice model[1]
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Dosage:100 mg/kg
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Administration:p.o.
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Result:Decreased hepatic α-SMA and TGF-β1 expression.
Inhibited phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 21018-84-8
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 586.54
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Formula C29H30O13
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
C=C[C@H]([C@@]1([H])C(C(OCC1)=O)=CO2)[C@@H]2O[C@@](O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]3O)([H])[C@@H]3OC(C4=C(C5=CC(O)=CC=C5)C=C(O)C=C4O)=O
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (2)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis
Amarogentin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and attenuates neointimal hyperplasia via AMPK activation. [Abstract]2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. PMID: 36906074
Amarogentin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. [Abstract]
DMEM/F12 supplement with 15 % FBS or 20 ng/mL PDGF-BB were used to culture VSMCs. Amarogentin (AMA) (0.5–2 μM) in a gradient concentration were added for 24 h to detect its effects on VSMCs proliferation.
Amarogentin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. [Abstract]
Flow cytometry detecting the effects of AmarogentinA (AMA) (0.5, 1.0 μM) on VSMCs cell cycle progression.
Amarogentin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. [Abstract]
Representative images showing the Ki-67 (red) immunofluorescent staining results of AmarogentinA (AMA) (0.5, 1.0 μM) on VSMCs.
Amarogentin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. [Abstract]
Representative images and quantitative data showing the inhibition effects of AmarogentinA (AMA) (0.5, 1.0 μM) on 15 % FBS induced VSMCs migration of 0 h and 24 h, detected by the Wound healing assay.
Amarogentin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. [Abstract]
Effects of AmarogentinA (AMA) (0.5, 1.0 μM) on 15 % FBS induced VSMCs migration at 9 h measured by the Tanswell assay.
Amarogentin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. [Abstract]
Serum-starved VSMCs cultured in DMEM/F12 with 0.2 % or 15 % FBS were treated with 0.5 μM or 1 μM Amarogentin (AMA), representative images and quantitative data of p-AMPKα expression were shown.
Amarogentin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. [Abstract]
Representative HE staining showing the effects of AmarogentinA (AMA) (0.5, 1.0 μM) on ligation induced neointimal hyperplasia in cultured saphenous veins, relative intimal area/smooth muscle area was calculated to measure the severity of neointimal hyperplasia.
Amarogentin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2023 Jun;1869(5):166667. [Abstract]
Effects of AmarogentinA (AMA) (0.5, 1.0 μM) on Ki-67 expression of ligation induced mice carotid artery were detected by immunohistochemical staining and the percentage of positive cells was counted.
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Animal Model Exp Med
Anti-inflammatory effects of amarogentin on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like mice and in HaCat cells. [Abstract]2023 Jun;6(3):255-265. PMID: 36131559
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (170.49 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (3.70 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (21.7 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (3.70 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (21.7 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocols
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Flow cytometric DNA-content cell-cycle staining
Flow cytometric DNA-content cell-cycle staining measures the fluorescence intensity of DNA-bound fluorochromes in single cells or nuclei to estimate DNA content distributions, allowing assignment of populations to G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases by DNA histogram deconvolution. Propidium iodide (PI) intercalates into DNA, and PI fluorescence is proportional to cellular DNA content when staining is performed under conditions that make DNA accessible and minimize non-DNA signal. Cells with G2/M DNA content are expected to show approximately twice the fluorescence intensity of G0/G1 cells, while S-phase cells occupy intermediate fluorescence values. PI-based DNA-content analysis can also detect cells with fractional DNA content, often reported as sub-G1, when DNA fragmentation and extraction during staining reduce retained DNA signal in apoptotic cells. DAPI is an alternative DNA fluorochrome for univariate DNA-content analysis, while bivariate approaches combining DNA content with proliferation
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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BrdU Incorporation Assay
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay is based on the principle that BrdU, a thymidine analog, is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle, thereby serving as a marker of DNA replication and cellular proliferation. Incorporated BrdU can be detected using anti-BrdU antibodies following DNA denaturation, enabling visualization or quantification of proliferating cells through immunochemical detection methods such as immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Protocol for Cell Cycle
Cell-cycle analysis by flow cytometry measures DNA content in single cells to estimate the fraction of cells in G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases. Propidium iodide intercalates into DNA, and after RNA removal with RNase, fluorescence intensity reflects cellular DNA content: 2N cells are assigned to G0/G1, cells between 2N and 4N to S phase, and 4N cells to G2/M. DNA-content analysis alone cannot reliably separate G0 from G1 or G2 from M. Ki-67 can distinguish quiescent G0 cells from cycling cells, EdU or BrdU incorporation marks active DNA synthesis in S phase, and phospho-histone H3 staining identifies mitotic cells within the 4N population.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (296 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Zhang Y, et al. Protective Effects of Amarogentin against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Molecules. 2017 May 6;22(5). pii: E754. [Content Brief]
[2]. Wölfle U, et al. Amarogentin Displays Immunomodulatory Effects in Human Mast Cells and Keratinocytes. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:630128. [Content Brief]
[3]. Disasa D, et al. Amarogentin from Gentiana rigescens Franch Exhibits Antiaging and Neuroprotective Effects through Antioxidative Stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020 Aug 1;2020:3184019. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO | 1 mM | 1.7049 mL | 8.5246 mL | 17.0491 mL | 42.6228 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.3410 mL | 1.7049 mL | 3.4098 mL | 8.5246 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1705 mL | 0.8525 mL | 1.7049 mL | 4.2623 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1137 mL | 0.5683 mL | 1.1366 mL | 2.8415 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.0852 mL | 0.4262 mL | 0.8525 mL | 2.1311 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.0682 mL | 0.3410 mL | 0.6820 mL | 1.7049 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0568 mL | 0.2842 mL | 0.5683 mL | 1.4208 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0426 mL | 0.2131 mL | 0.4262 mL | 1.0656 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0341 mL | 0.1705 mL | 0.3410 mL | 0.8525 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0284 mL | 0.1421 mL | 0.2842 mL | 0.7104 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0213 mL | 0.1066 mL | 0.2131 mL | 0.5328 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0170 mL | 0.0852 mL | 0.1705 mL | 0.4262 mL |
Amarogentin Related Classifications
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