AZM198
Based on 1 Customer Validation
AZM198 is an orally active myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor. AZM198 irreversibly inactivates MPO (IC50=0.015 μM) via covalent binding to the heme prosthetic group, preferentially targets extracellular MPO activity, and reduces neutrophil extracellular trap formation, reactive oxygen species production and degranulation. AZM198 increases the fibrous cap thickness of atherosclerotic plaques, reduces lesion area, ameliorates hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and alleviates proteinuria and inflammatory infiltration associated with glomerulonephritis. AZM198 also decreases circulating levels of high-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I and IL-1β, and mitigates endothelial cell injury. Therefore, AZM198 is suitable for research on various MPO-related diseases, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and crescentic glomerulonephritis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 98.40%
- CAS No.: 1933460-23-1
- Formula: C14H13ClN4OS
- Molecular Weight:320.80
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
Description
IC50 & Target
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CYP3A4 19 μM (IC50) |
In Vitro
AZM198 (10 μM) reduces reactive oxygen species production, neutrophil degranulation and neutrophil extracellular trap formation in human neutrophils prestimulated with TNFα and activated by PR3-ANCA, and attenuates the activity of enzymatically active myeloperoxidase in human neutrophils stimulated with PMA[1].
AZM198 (10 μM; 18 h) attenuates human neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell injury in a co-culture system of TNFα-prestimulated, PR3-ANCA-activated neutrophils and endothelial cells incubated for 18 hours[1].
AZM198 (10 μM; 2 h) reduces neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in human neutrophils isolated from healthy donors, which is induced by Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (HY-18739)[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:Endothelial Cell-Neutrophil Coculture
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Concentration:10 μM; with TNFα (2 ng/well)
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Incubation Time:18 h
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Result:Attenuated human neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell injury.
In Vivo
AZM198 (133 μmol/kg; p.o.; twice daily; for 48 h) does not significantly reduce early glomerular neutrophil accumulation in a mouse model of crescentic glomerulonephritis[1].
AZM198 (400 μmol/kg; p.o.; twice daily; for 7 consecutive days) does not enhance antigen-specific T cell responses in a mouse adoptive transfer model[1].
AZM198 (400 μmol/kg; administered via gavage; twice daily; for 7 consecutive days) exerts no protective effects on either histological or biochemical indicators of disease in this mouse model of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis[2].
AZM198 (500 μmol/kg; oral administration; continuous administration via diet formulation; 26 weeks) increases the survival rate of male SR-BIΔCT/ΔCT/Ldlr-/- mice fed a Western diet by 92% (to a 63% survival rate), reduces the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events by 57%-75%, and also attenuates cardiac fibrosis, liver injury, and inflammatory activity in atherosclerotic lesions[3].
AZM198 inhibits MPO activity in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, increases fibrous cap thickness by 65%, reduces intraplaque fibrin and hemosiderin, and promotes a more stable plaque phenotype in Apoe-/- mice with plaque instability induced by tandem stenosis[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:C57BL/6 (female, 10-12 weeks old, average weight 25 g, injected intravenously with sheep nephrotoxic serum mixed 1:1 with LPS)[1]
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Dosage:133 μmol/kg
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Administration:p.o.; twice a day; 48 hours
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Result:Resulted in median Ly6g corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) of 26.5 (23-70.7) AU, representing a non-significant reduction in glomerular neutrophil infiltration compared to vehicle controls.
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Animal Model:BALB/c (female)[1]
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Dosage:400 μmol/kg
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Administration:p.o.; twice daily; 7 days
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Result:Resulted in median frequency of CD44high CD4+ cells of 12.6% (11.8%-13.8%), representing no significant increase in activated total T cells compared to vehicle controls.
Resulted in median frequency of CD44high KJ+ CD4+ cells of 1.9% (1.64%-3.14%), representing no significant increase in activated ovalbumin-specific T cells compared to vehicle controls.
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Animal Model:C57BL6/J mice (female, 8 weeks old, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis model induced by G-CSF, anti-myeloperoxidase IgG, and lipopolysaccharide)[2]
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Dosage:400 μmol/kg per dose (total daily dose of 128 mg/kg)
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Administration:oral gavage; twice daily; 7 days
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Result:Showed no significant differences from controls in percentage of glomerular crescents, number of glomerular neutrophils, number of intraglomerular or periglomerular CD68-positive cells, serum creatinine levels at day 7, or urine albumin-creatinine ratios at day 6.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 1933460-23-1
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 320.80
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Formula C14H13ClN4OS
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C1NC(N(CC2=CC=C(C=C2CN)Cl)C3=C1NC=C3)=S
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 16.67 mg/mL (51.96 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (5.21 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (16.7 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocols
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Fibrosis/Collagen Morphometry
Fibrosis and collagen morphometry is based on the quantitative visualization of fibrillar collagen deposition in tissue sections using histochemical stains such as Sirius Red (Picrosirius Red) or Masson's trichrome, followed by image-based or polarization-enhanced analysis to estimate collagen proportional area as a surrogate of extracellular matrix accumulation during fibrotic remodeling. Sirius Red combined with polarized light microscopy enhances detection of collagen fibers due to birefringence properties, enabling more specific visualization of collagen type I and III fibrils compared to conventional bright-field histology, while whole-section or region-restricted digital morphometry reduces field-selection bias in fibrosis assessment. Alternative quantitative approaches include second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy, which enable label-free detection of fibrillar collagen and have been validated against histological staining and biochemica
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Collagen: Sirius Red Staining
Sirius Red or picrosirius red staining is a histochemical method for visualizing collagen-rich extracellular matrix in tissue sections, and collagen fibers are detected as red-stained structures under bright-field microscopy with enhanced birefringence under polarized light. Picrosirius red is useful for assessing total collagen organization, distribution, and fibrosis burden, but polarized color should not be interpreted as a definitive collagen type I versus type III readout because color is affected by fiber orientation, thickness, and packing.
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Cell Cytotoxicity Assay
Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.
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ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining
ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining uses cell-permeant fluorogenic probes that become fluorescent after oxidation inside cells or tissues; commonly used examples include DCFH-DA/DCFDA for broad cellular oxidant detection, DHE for superoxide-related signal detection, MitoSOX for mitochondrial superoxide-related signal detection, and CellROX probes for oxidative-stress-associated fluorescence readouts. The assay detects probe oxidation rather than a single ROS species unless the probe and analysis method have been chemically validated for that species. DCFH-DA enters cells, is deacetylated by intracellular esterases to DCFH, and produces fluorescent DCF after oxidation, so the readout is used as an operational measure of total cellular oxidative stress rather than a species-specific ROS measurement. DHE and MitoSOX can report superoxide-related oxidation, but red fluorescence alone can include non-specific ethidium-like oxidation products; HPLC or optimized spectral approaches are
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Connective Tissue: Masson's Trichrome/Collagen Trichrome Staining
Masson’s Trichrome (collagen/trichrome staining) is a histological technique that differentially stains tissue compartments using sequential acidic dyes to distinguish collagen from muscle and cytoplasmic components based on dye affinity and tissue permeability differences, enabling visualization of fibrosis and connective tissue architecture in histological sections. The classical formulation typically uses Weigert's iron hematoxylin for nuclear staining, Biebrich scarlet-acid fuchsin for cytoplasm and muscle, and aniline blue (or light green variants) for collagen, producing a characteristic blue/green collagen signal contrasted against red cytoplasm and dark nuclei. The staining principle relies on selective displacement of smaller dye molecules by larger anionic dyes in collagen-rich regions under controlled acidified conditions, which enhances collagen-specific dye retention. This property makes the method widely used for fibrosis assessment in organs such as heart, liver, lung, a
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Research Protocol for Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular disease can be modeled as maladaptive cardiac remodeling, where ischemic injury or pressure overload activates inflammatory signaling, fibroblast activation, extracellular-matrix deposition, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, vascular remodeling, and progressive ventricular dysfunction. The TGF-β/SMAD axis is a central profibrotic pathway after myocardial injury and pressure overload, while innate immune and cytokine pathways regulate leukocyte recruitment, scar formation, and adverse remodeling. Key unresolved questions include which inflammatory signals are reparative versus harmful, when fibrosis is protective versus maladaptive, and whether pathway inhibition improves function without weakening necessary infarct healing or compensatory remodeling.
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Liver Histomorphometry
Liver histomorphometry is a quantitative histological approach used to measure structural alterations in hepatic tissue, including parenchymal loss, steatosis, fibrosis, and vascular remodeling, by combining stained tissue section analysis with stereological or computerized image-based measurements. Classical morphometric frameworks quantify volume fractions of liver compartments and fibrotic regions using systematic sampling and image analysis, enabling objective comparison of pathological changes across experimental groups. These approaches are widely applied in liver cirrhosis and fibrosis studies to reduce subjectivity in histological scoring and improve reproducibility of tissue evaluation. Recent methodological advances integrate automated image analysis and radiomics-based extraction of histological features from standard liver stains (e. g. , H&E and fibrotic stains), enabling quantitative correlation between morphometric features and fibrosis stages in non-alcoholic fatty live
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Pyroptosis Solutions
Pyroptosis is a lytic inflammatory cell-death pathway executed by gasdermin pores, most classically through inflammasome-mediated activation of caspase-1, cleavage of gasdermin D, membrane pore formation, LDH release, and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. The canonical pathway is commonly modeled by priming cells with an inflammatory signal such as LPS to induce pro-IL-1β and inflammasome components, followed by an activation signal such as ATP or nigericin to activate NLRP3, ASC speck formation, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, cytokine release, and pyroptotic membrane rupture. The non-canonical pathway is triggered when cytosolic LPS activates mouse caspase-11 or human caspase-4/5, leading to GSDMD cleavage and pyroptosis, and this can secondarily activate NLRP3-dependent IL-1β release. Pyroptosis is linked to inflammatory injury, infection, cancer, liver disease, ocular disease, placental inflammation, and other disease phenotypes, but unresolved questions include which gasdermin fam
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (287 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Antonelou M, et al. Therapeutic Myeloperoxidase Inhibition Attenuates Neutrophil Activation, ANCA-Mediated Endothelial Damage, and Crescentic GN. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(2):350-364. [Content Brief]
[2]. Florez-Barros F, et al. Myeloid expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl1 is required in anti-myeloperoxidase vasculitis but myeloperoxidase inhibition is not protective. Kidney Int. 2023;103(1):134-143. [Content Brief]
[3]. Shamsuzzaman S, et al. Novel Mouse Model of Myocardial Infarction, Plaque Rupture, and Stroke Shows Improved Survival With Myeloperoxidase Inhibition. Circulation. 2024;150(9):687-705. [Content Brief]
[4]. Rashid I, et al. Myeloperoxidase is a potential molecular imaging and therapeutic target for the identification and stabilization of high-risk atherosclerotic plaque. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(35):3301-3310. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.1172 mL | 15.5860 mL | 31.1721 mL | 77.9302 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.6234 mL | 3.1172 mL | 6.2344 mL | 15.5860 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3117 mL | 1.5586 mL | 3.1172 mL | 7.7930 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2078 mL | 1.0391 mL | 2.0781 mL | 5.1953 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1559 mL | 0.7793 mL | 1.5586 mL | 3.8965 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1247 mL | 0.6234 mL | 1.2469 mL | 3.1172 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1039 mL | 0.5195 mL | 1.0391 mL | 2.5977 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0779 mL | 0.3897 mL | 0.7793 mL | 1.9483 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0623 mL | 0.3117 mL | 0.6234 mL | 1.5586 mL |
AZM198 Related Classifications
HY-W996116 Related Classifications
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Keywords
- AZM198
- 1933460-23-1
- AZM 198
- AZM-198
- Glutathione Peroxidase
- human neutrophils
- reactive oxygen species
- crescentic glomerulonephritis
- nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- neutrophil degranulation
- atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
- myeloperoxidase
- haem prosthetic group
- SR-BIΔCT/ΔCT/Ldlr?/? mice
- neutrophil extracellular trap formation
- Inhibitor
- inhibitor
- inhibit