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HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human

7 Cited Publications
Customer Review

Based on 7 publication(s) in Google Scholar

The multifunctional and redox-sensitive HMGB1/HMG-1 protein plays multiple roles in cellular compartments. In the nucleus, it serves as a major chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in key processes such as replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair, and genome stability. HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human is the recombinant human-derived HMGB1/HMG-1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
  • Species: Human
  • Source: E. coli
  • Storage:
    Stored at -20°C for 2 years from date of receipt. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human Product Image
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  • Biological Activity
  • Technical Parameters
  • Product Properties
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Top Publications Citing

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Biological Activity

Description

The multifunctional and redox-sensitive HMGB1/HMG-1 protein plays multiple roles in cellular compartments. In the nucleus, it serves as a major chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in key processes such as replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair, and genome stability. HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human is the recombinant human-derived HMGB1/HMG-1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free.

Background

HMGB1/HMG-1, a multifunctional redox-sensitive protein, exhibits diverse roles across different cellular compartments. Within the nucleus, it stands as a major chromatin-associated non-histone protein, functioning as a DNA chaperone involved in crucial processes such as replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair, and genome stability. Proposed as a universal biosensor for nucleic acids, HMGB1/HMG-1 plays a pivotal role in promoting the host inflammatory response to both sterile and infectious signals, coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm, it serves as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids, activating TLR9-mediated immune responses and mediating autophagy. Released to the extracellular environment, HMGB1/HMG-1 engages with various molecules such as DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), activating cells through multiple surface receptors. The extracellular HMGB1 exists in different redox states, with fully reduced HMGB1 acting as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 promoting immunological tolerance. Beyond its immunomodulatory roles, HMGB1/HMG-1 is implicated in proangiogenic activity, platelet activation, neuronal outgrowth signaling via RAGE, and potential involvement in the accumulation of expanded polyglutamine proteins. Its nuclear functions, attributed to fully reduced HMGB1, include association with chromatin, DNA bending, and enhancement of DNA flexibility through looping, facilitating various gene promoter activities. Additionally, HMGB1/HMG-1 may play roles in nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, base excision repair, double-strand break repair, V(D)J recombination, displacement of histone H1, restructuring nucleosomes, enhancing transcription factor binding, and modulating the telomerase complex. The intricate functions of HMGB1/HMG-1 highlight its significance in diverse cellular processes.

Verified Bioactivity

Measured by its ability to down regulate the expression of TNF-α by THP-1 cells treated with 2 μg/mL LPS.

MCE Validation Data

  • Purity - SDS-PAGE

    Purity - SDS-PAGE

    ≥ 90%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Technical Parameters

  • Species Human
  • Source E. coli
  • Tag Tag Free
  • Accession

    P09429 (M1-F89)

  • Gene ID
    3146  [NCBI]
  • Molecular Construction
    • N-term
    • HMGB1 (M1-F89)
      Accession # P09429
    • C-term
  • Protein Length

    Partial

  • Synonyms

    HMGB1; Sulfoglucuronyl Carbohydrate Binding Protein; Prev. HMG1; Amphoterin; High Mobility Group Protein B1; HMG-1; High Mobility Group Protein 1; Nuclear Dot-Associated Sp100 Protein; SBP-1; Nuclear Autoantigen Sp-100; HMG3; High-Mobility Group Box 1; Hi

  • AA Sequence

    MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKF

  • Molecular Weight

    Approximately 14 kDa, based on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.

  • Purity

    ≥ 90%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Product Properties

Appearance

Lyophilized powder

Formulation

1.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of 50 mM HEPES, 500 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM DTT, pH 7.9.
2.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of 50 mM HEPS, 500 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM DTT, pH 8.0.
3.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of PBS, pH 6.5, 8% trehalose.
Please refer to the lot-specific COA for specific buffer information.

Endotoxin Level

<1 EU/μg, determined by LAL method.

Reconstitution

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in ddH2O. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS or 5% Trehalose).

Storage & Stability

Stored at -20°C for 2 years from date of receipt. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Calculators

Reconstitution Calculator

Volume (to add to vial) = Mass (in vial) ÷ Desired Reconstitution Concentration

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Dilution Calculator

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The Specific Activity Calculator Equation
  • Specific Activity (Unit/mg)
  • Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) = 106 ÷ Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) Specific Activity (Unit/mg)
Unit/mg
= 106 ÷
Biological Activity (ED50) Biological Activity (ED50)
106 ÷
ng/mL
MOQ
Minimum order quantity
100 mg

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Measured by its ability to inhibit anti-CD3-induced proliferation of stimulated CTLL-2 mouse cytotoxic T cells. The ED50 this effect is 0.8023 μg/ml, corresponding to a specific activity is 1246.42 units/mg.

Assay Types
  • 1/16

    MedChemExpress Validation
     ≥ 90%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Life Sci. 2026 Mar 1:388:124173. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     HTR-8/SVneo cells were pretreated with SR11302, DPI, or GS-4997 for 24 hours, followed by treatment with 1 μg/mL HMGB1 for 24 hours. Protein levels of galactolectin-9 and TGF-β1 were detected by Western blot.

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Life Sci. 2026 Mar 1:388:124173. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     HTR-8/SVneo cells were pretreated with SR11302, DPI, or GS-4997 for 24 hours, followed by treatment with 1 μg/mL HMGB1 for 24 hours. TGF-β levels were detected by ELISA.

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mediators Inflamm. 2025 Jul 11:2025:2395557. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     After stimulating Caco-2 cells with HMGB1 (100 ng/mL) for 24 hours, the concentrations of the following inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17.

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mediators Inflamm. 2025 Jul 11:2025:2395557. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Western blot was used to detect changes in the expression of TLR4, NF-κB, p-NF-κB and GPX4 proteins in Caco-2 cells after 24 hours of stimulation with or without HMGB1 (100 ng/mL; 24 h) and TAK-242.

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Oct;11(38):e2404408. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Primary GMEC was treated with 1 µg/mL HMGB1 recombinant protein followed by treatment with 10 nM dairy goat LYZ recombinant protein for 12 h to detect the protein expression levels of p‐NF‐κB‐p65, NF‐κB‐p65, IL‐6, TNFα, and IL‐1β.

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human Product Image
    1/16
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human
  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human Product Image

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Life Sci. 2026 Mar 1:388:124173. [Abstract]

    HTR-8/SVneo cells were pretreated with SR11302, DPI, or GS-4997 for 24 hours, followed by treatment with 1 μg/mL HMGB1 for 24 hours. Protein levels of galactolectin-9 and TGF-β1 were detected by Western blot.

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Life Sci. 2026 Mar 1:388:124173. [Abstract]

    HTR-8/SVneo cells were pretreated with SR11302, DPI, or GS-4997 for 24 hours, followed by treatment with 1 μg/mL HMGB1 for 24 hours. TGF-β levels were detected by ELISA.

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mediators Inflamm. 2025 Jul 11:2025:2395557. [Abstract]

    After stimulating Caco-2 cells with HMGB1 (100 ng/mL) for 24 hours, the concentrations of the following inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA: TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17.

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mediators Inflamm. 2025 Jul 11:2025:2395557. [Abstract]

    Western blot was used to detect changes in the expression of TLR4, NF-κB, p-NF-κB and GPX4 proteins in Caco-2 cells after 24 hours of stimulation with or without HMGB1 (100 ng/mL; 24 h) and TAK-242.

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Oct;11(38):e2404408. [Abstract]

    Primary GMEC was treated with 1 µg/mL HMGB1 recombinant protein followed by treatment with 10 nM dairy goat LYZ recombinant protein for 12 h to detect the protein expression levels of p‐NF‐κB‐p65, NF‐κB‐p65, IL‐6, TNFα, and IL‐1β.