BMS-363131

Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.

Selecting a suitable non-mouse animal model is a structured decision based on the research question, required anatomy or physiology, disease mechanism, endpoint feasibility, translational relevance, and ethical justification. Non-mouse models are preferred when mice cannot reproduce key human-relevant features, such as organ size, surgical anatomy, cardiovascular physiology, neuroanatomy, immune features, pharmacology, toxicology, or long-term clinical procedures. Candidate species may include rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, ferrets, zebrafish, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, horses, and non-human primates, but each species must be justified by its specific scientific advantage rather than convenience or tradition. Unresolved questions include how to quantify translational superiority across species, how to balance increased biological relevance against higher ethical burden, and when human-derived systems or new approach methodologies should replace animal use.