L-Carnitine hydrochloride
Based on 22 publication(s) in Google Scholar
L-Carnitine hydrochloride ((R)-Carnitine hydrochloride), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine hydrochloride functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine hydrochloride is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine hydrochloride can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.88%
- CAS No.: 6645-46-1
- Formula: C7H16ClNO3
- Molecular Weight:197.66
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) L-Carnitine hydrochloride
More- Nature. 2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2025 Jan 23;188(2):412-429.e27. [Abstract]
- Cell Metab. 2019 Jul 2;30(1):157-173.e7. [Abstract]
- Autophagy. 2025 Oct 25. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Aug 23;16(1):7864. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 21;16(1):6695. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2022 Jun 17;13(1):3486. [Abstract]
- J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2025 Nov 24;45(1):1. [Abstract]
- Engineering. 2024 Sep 6.
- Int J Biol Sci. 2025 Jan 1;21(2):725-744. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2024 Mar:213:174-189. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2026 May 22;45(6):117427. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2024 Aug 7;43(8):114591. [Abstract]
- Biosci Rep. 2021 May 28;41(6):BSR20204250. [Abstract]
- Food Sci Biotechnol. 2024 Feb 12;33(11):2585-2596. [Abstract]
- Nutr Metab. 2021 Jun 24;18(1):65. [Abstract]
- J Anim Sci. 2022 Apr 1;100(4):skac069. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2026 May:316:110992. [Abstract]
- J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2024 Aug 1:1243:124210. [Abstract]
- Research Square Preprint. 2021 Jan.
- Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Sep:129:110506. [Abstract]
- Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Feb;25(4):3765-3774. [Abstract]
All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
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Biological Activity
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Human Endogenous Metabolite |
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:8- to 10-weeks-old and weighed 28-30g BALB/c mice[2]
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Dosage:125, 250 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p.
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Result:SaO2 increased significantly at 250 mg/kg and decreased urinaryLTE4 excretion.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 6645-46-1
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 197.66
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Formula C7H16ClNO3
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC(O)=O.[Cl-]
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Synonyms
(R)-Carnitine hydrochloride; Levocarnitine hydrochloride
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Publications (22)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nature
2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227 -
Cell
2025 Jan 23;188(2):412-429.e27. PMID: 39591965 -
Cell Metab
2019 Jul 2;30(1):157-173.e7. PMID: 31155494 -
Autophagy
XIAP-ULK1-Mediated mitophagy modulates carnitine metabolism to mitigate diabetic kidney disease. [Abstract]2025 Oct 25. PMID: 41139215 -
Nat Commun
The TEX44-CPT1B axis regulates mitochondrial sheath assembly and fatty acid oxidation in sperm. [Abstract]2025 Aug 23;16(1):7864. PMID: 40849303 -
Nat Commun
A UFD1 variant encoding a microprotein modulates UFD1f and IPMK ubiquitination to play pivotal roles in anti-stress responses. [Abstract]2025 Jul 21;16(1):6695. PMID: 40691175 -
Nat Commun
2022 Jun 17;13(1):3486. PMID: 35710796 -
J Exp Clin Cancer Res
GSTK1 suppresses HCC aggravation via L-carnitine metabolism by PGAM5/DRP1 complex-mediated mitochondrial quality control. [Abstract]2025 Nov 24;45(1):1. PMID: 41276823 -
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Int J Biol Sci
Mitochondrial SIRT2-mediated CPT2 deacetylation prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy by impeding cardiac fatty acid oxidation. [Abstract]2025 Jan 1;21(2):725-744. PMID: 39781464 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Carnitine functions as an enhancer of NRF2 to inhibit osteoclastogenesis via regulating macrophage polarization in osteoporosis. [Abstract]2024 Mar:213:174-189. PMID: 38246515 -
Cell Rep
Gasdermin C reprograms metabolism through the CAMKK2-AMPK axis to promote lung adenocarcinoma progression and radioresistance. [Abstract]2026 May 22;45(6):117427. PMID: 42176271 -
Cell Rep
2024 Aug 7;43(8):114591. PMID: 39116204 -
Biosci Rep
Reduction of TMAO level enhances the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque through promoting macrophage M2 polarization and efferocytosis. [Abstract]2021 May 28;41(6):BSR20204250. PMID: 33969376 -
Food Sci Biotechnol
Enhancement of the bioactive compounds and biological activities of maca (Lepidium meyenii) via solid-state fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus. [Abstract]2024 Feb 12;33(11):2585-2596. PMID: 39144202 -
Nutr Metab
Exogenous L-carnitine ameliorates burn-induced cellular and mitochondrial injury of hepatocytes by restoring CPT1 activity. [Abstract]2021 Jun 24;18(1):65. PMID: 34167568 -
J Anim Sci
2022 Apr 1;100(4):skac069. PMID: 35247050 -
Vet Microbiol
The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607 -
J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci
Simultaneous determination of choline, L-carnitine, betaine, trimethylamine, trimethylamine N-oxide, and creatinine in plasma, liver, and feces of hyperlipidemic rats by UHPLC-MS/MS. [Abstract]2024 Aug 1:1243:124210. PMID: 38936270 -
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Biomed Pharmacother
Interplay of drug transporters P-glycoprotein (MDR1), MRP1, OATP1A2 and OATP1B3 in passage of maraviroc across human placenta. [Abstract]2020 Sep:129:110506. PMID: 32768979 -
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
2018 Feb;25(4):3765-3774. PMID: 29168138
Solvent & Solubility
H2O : 175 mg/mL (885.36 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 50 mg/mL (252.96 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (273 KB)
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SDS (555 KB)
- English - EN (555 KB)
- Français - FR (555 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (555 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (555 KB)
- Español - ES (555 KB)
- Swedish - SV (555 KB)
- Italian - IT (555 KB)
- Korean - KR (555 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (555 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Agarwal A, et al. Role of L-carnitine in female infertility. eprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018 Jan 26;16(1):5. [Content Brief]
[2]. Ferreira GC, et al. L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-carnitine Roles and Neuroprotection in Developing Brain. Neurochem Res. 2017 Jun;42(6):1661-1675. [Content Brief]
[3]. Uzuner N, et al. The role of L-carnitine in treatment of a murine model of asthma. Acta Med Okayama. 2002 Dec;56(6):295-301. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O | 1 mM | 5.0592 mL | 25.2960 mL | 50.5919 mL | 126.4798 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.0118 mL | 5.0592 mL | 10.1184 mL | 25.2960 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5059 mL | 2.5296 mL | 5.0592 mL | 12.6480 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3373 mL | 1.6864 mL | 3.3728 mL | 8.4320 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2530 mL | 1.2648 mL | 2.5296 mL | 6.3240 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2024 mL | 1.0118 mL | 2.0237 mL | 5.0592 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1686 mL | 0.8432 mL | 1.6864 mL | 4.2160 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1265 mL | 0.6324 mL | 1.2648 mL | 3.1620 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1012 mL | 0.5059 mL | 1.0118 mL | 2.5296 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0843 mL | 0.4216 mL | 0.8432 mL | 2.1080 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0632 mL | 0.3162 mL | 0.6324 mL | 1.5810 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0506 mL | 0.2530 mL | 0.5059 mL | 1.2648 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
L-Carnitine hydrochloride Related Classifications
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