ER-beta

Encoded by ESR2 on chromosome 14, estrogen receptor beta shares the domain organization of ER alpha but shows only moderate ligand-binding-domain similarity and a distinct biology. ER beta predominates in ovary granulosa cells, prostate, colon, lung and brain, and generally opposes ER alpha-driven proliferation, promoting differentiation and apoptosis instead. It binds the same estrogen response elements with different affinity and can heterodimerize with ER alpha to modulate its activity; phytoestrogens such as genistein show relative preference for ER beta. Loss of ER beta expression accompanies colorectal and prostate tumor progression, supporting a tumor-suppressive role, and ER beta-selective agonists are being explored for menopausal, inflammatory and neurodegenerative indications without uterine or breast stimulation.