Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Anticancer Activity of Phthalazine Derivatives as VEGFR-2 Inhibitors

Novel series of phthalazine derivatives 6-11 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their Anticancer activity against two human tumor cell lines, HCT-116 human colon adenocarcinoma and MCF-7 breast Cancer cells, targeting the VEGFR-2 enzyme. Compounds 7a,b and 8b,c showed the highest Anticancer activities against both HCT116 human colon adenocarcinoma cells with IC₅₀ of 6.04 ± 0.30, 13.22 ± 0.22, 18 ± 0.20, and 35 ± 0.45 μM, respectively, and MCF-7 breast Cancer cells with IC₅₀ of 8.8 ± 0.45, 17.9 ± 0.50, 25.2 ± 0.55, and 44.3 ± 0.49 μM, respectively, in comparison to sorafenib as reference drug with IC₅₀ of 5.47 ± 0.3 and 7.26 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. Eleven compounds in this series were further evaluated for their inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2, where compounds 7a, 7b, 8c, and 8b also showed the highest VEGFR-2 inhibition with IC₅₀ of 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.31 ± 0.03, 0.72 ± 0.08, and 0.91 ± 0.08 μM, respectively, in comparison to sorafenib as reference ligand with IC₅₀ of 0.1 ± 0.02. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed for all synthesized compounds to predict their binding pattern and affinity towards the VEGFR-2 active site, in order to rationalize their Anticancer activity in a qualitative way.