Disaccharides

Maltose monohydrate is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked together. Maltose monohydrate is an endogenous metabolic product in plants, yeast, or bacteria, and it participates in carbon source storage and metabolism. Maltose monohydrate is a key core metabolite and main transport form in the temporary starch degradation, carbon output, and subsequent sucrose synthesis metabolism of the night chloroplast. In X. dendrorhous, maltose can act as a sugar donor and is converted into isomaltulose by α-glucosidase. Maltose monohydrate can act as a osmotic agent, supporting continuous capillary ultrafiltration and preventing severe metabolic disorders.

Laminaribiose is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules linked by a β-1,3-glycosidic bond. It is ubiquitous in the cell walls of various plants and is a hydrolyzate of the polysaccharide laminarin. Laminaribiose has various applications in biochemical research, especially as a substrate for enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, it can be used as a carbon source and dietary supplement for certain microorganisms.

α-Lactose hydrate (α-D-Lactose (hydrate)) is the primary carbohydrate in the milk of most mammals. α-Lactose hydrate consists of glucose and galactose and exists in two isomeric forms, α and β. α-Lactose hydrate has numerous applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, such as serving as a bulking or agglomerating agent, and a diluent for pigments, flavors or enzymes.

N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose is a dimer of β(1,4) linked N-acetyl-D glucosamine. N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose is the hydrolysate of chitin and can be used as alternative carbon source by E. coli. N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose also reverses myocardial depression.

α-Lactose (α-D-Lactose) is the major sugar present in milk. Lactose exists in the form of two anomers, α and β. The α form normally crystallizes as a monohydrate.

Sucralfate (Sucrose octasulfate-aluminum complex) is a potent and orally active gastroprotectant with no systemic effects. Sucralfate inhibits peptic activity and binds to negatively charged subepithelial proteins exposed during mucosal injury, forming a viscous layer that protects the vascular bed and proliferative zone. Sucralfate is used for prevention and research of several gastrointestinal diseases in vivo.

Maltobionic acid (4-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) is an orally active oligosaccharide and iron chelator with antibacterial activity. Maltobionic acid inhibits the expression of NFATc1, suppresses osteoclast differentiation, inhibits bone resorption, and increases serum calcitonin levels. Maltobionic acid protects mammalian cells from hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative damage; resists fermentation by the gut microbiota; and exhibits anti-digestive and anti-fermentative properties. Maltobionic acid can be used in research related to osteoporosis, bacterial infections, and constipation.

Galactinol is a disaccharide carbohydrate serving as a galactosyl donor, which belongs to the raffinose family oligosaccharide pathway and acts as an important osmoprotectant. Galactinol not only induces disease resistance in plants against fungal and bacterial pathogens, but also significantly enhances plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought, high salinity, low temperature and oxidative damage. In addition, Galactinol has the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, can act as a signaling component for root colonization-induced systemic resistance, and is positively correlated with seed longevity in various crops, making it a potential biomarker for evaluating seed vigor. Therefore, Galactinol can be used in the research of various plant diseases including fungal leaf spot, bacterial angular leaf spot, gray mold and soft rot.

Maltitol is an orally active polyol and sugar alcohol sweetener produced by the hydrogenation of maltose. Maltitol can replace sucrose and has characteristics of having a minor impact on blood sugar and potential prebiotic effects.

Isomalt (Palatinitol), a well-tolerated, non-toxic polyol and a protein-stabilizing excipient, stabilizes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) moderately during freeze-drying, and performs better during storage. Isomalt is traditionally used as a sweetening agent in the food industry and as a tabletting excipient for pharmaceutical purposes.

GlcNAc-MurNAc, a disaccharide, is a TLR4 agonist with a K_d of 383 μM for murine TLR4. GlcNAc-MurNAc directly binds to TLR4 and activates its downstream NF-κB and IRF pathways. GlcNAc-MurNAc improves Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) (HY-116282C)-induced colitis in mice through a TLR4-dependent mechanism. GlcNAc-MurNAc can be used for the study of inflammatory bowel disease.

Allolactose, a disaccharide, is a lac operon inducer in Escherkhiu coli and other bacteria.

Sophorose (2-O-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose) monohydrate is the disaccharide component of microbial glycolipids, which are often used as biosurfactants due to their hydrophobicity. Sophorolipids also exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, spermicidal, virucidal, and anticancer activities. In studies of Trichoderma reesei fermentation, sophorose monohydrate has been identified as a potent inducer of cellulase gene expression.

Heparin carbohydrate IS tetrasodium is the major disaccharide produced by heparinases I and II from heparin.

Isomaltulose hydrate is an endogenous metabolite.

α,β-Trehalose is a biochemical reagent that can be used as a biological material or organic compound for life science related research.

beta-Lac-EO-N3 is a click chemistry reagent. Click chemistry has great potential for use in binding between nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and other molecules, and has been used in many research fields because of its beneficial characteristics, including high yield, high specificity, and simplicity. It contains an azide group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing alkyne groups. It can also undergo ring strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) with molecules containing DBCO or BCN groups.

Sucrose octasulfate sodium is a wound healing promoter. Sucrose octasulfate sodium inhibits MMP, promotes angiogenesis and improves microcirculation. Sucrose octasulfate sodium causes mild skin irritation. Sucrose octasulfate sodium can be used to prepare p (MMA-co-AM)/PVA@PSO hydrogels. Sucrose octasulfate sodium is applicable to research related to diabetic wounds.

Lacto-N-biose I (Galβ1-3GlcNAc), as an endogenous metabolite, is an acceptor for the α1,2-fucosyltransferase enzyme from Helicobacter pylori.

Sucrose octaacetate is an acetylated derivative of sucrose with an intensely bitter tasting and can be used as bitter tasting surrogate. Sucrose octaacetate can be used as food additive and also used as an adhesive and plasticizer. Sucrose octaacetate also used in many pesticides, insecticides, and other toxic products as a deterrent to accidental poisoning. Sucrose octaacetate can also be used as an in situ seed and a soft template to synthesize polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers.