SSK1
Based on 3 publication(s) in Google Scholar
SSK1, a senescence-specific killing compound, is a β-galactosidase-targeted proagent attenuates inflammation. SSK1 is activated by lysosomal β-galactosidase and selectively killed senescent cells through the activation of p38 MAPK and induction of apoptosis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 99.75%
- CAS No.: 2629250-69-5
- Formula: C31H34F2N4O18
- Molecular Weight:788.61
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) SSK1
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Biological Activity
Description
In Vitro
SSK1 (0.5 μM; 12-72 hours) activates the phosphorylation levels of both p38 MAPK and MKK3/MKK6 in senescent cells. SSK1 kills senescent cells through the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. SSK1 is able to induce mitochondrial DNA damage in senescent cells[1].
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SSK1 (0.01-1 μM; 3 days) selectively and potently eliminates β-galactosidase-positive senescent cells within a wide therapeutic window[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:Primary mouse fibroblasts
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Concentration:0.5 µM
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Incubation Time:12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours
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Result:Both p38 MAPK and MKK3/MKK6 were activated by phosphorylation in senescent cells.
In Vivo
? In aged mice (20-month-old), SSK1 (0.5 mg/kg; 3 days every 2 weeks for 8 weeks) effectively clears senescent cells in different tissues, decreases the senescence- and age-associated gene signatures, attenuates low-grade local and systemic inflammation, and restores physical function[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Mice (3-6-month-old) were subjected to transtracheal injection of Bleomycin[1]
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Dosage:0.5 mg/kg
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Administration:Intraperitoneally injection; two days every week; for four weeks
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Result:SSK1 significantly reduced the percentage of SA-β-gal-positive cells in lung by 3.8-fold compared with that in vehicle-treated lung-injured mice
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 2629250-69-5
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 788.61
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Formula C31H34F2N4O18
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
CC(O[C@H]([C@H]([C@H]1OC(C)=O)OC(C)=O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]1COC(C)=O)OC(C=CC(COC(NC(C=CN2[C@](C(F)([C@@H]3O)F)([H])O[C@@H]3CO)=NC2=O)=O)=C4)=C4[N+]([O-])=O)=O
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
Publications (3)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Cell Death Discov
2026 Mar 11. PMID: 41813667 -
Clin Epigenetics
KDM4C-mediated senescence defense is a targetable vulnerability in gastric cancer harboring TP53 mutations. [Abstract]2023 Oct 17;15(1):163. PMID: 37848946 -
Epilepsia
Targeted senotherapy improves electrographic and behavioral outcomes in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. [Abstract]2026 Apr 13. PMID: 41972901
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (126.81 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (6.34 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL. * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocols
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Research Protocol for Inflammation-related Diseases
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytosolic innate immune signaling platform that integrates priming signals and danger-signal activation to promote caspase-1 activation, maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. The core experimental logic is to determine whether inflammatory disease phenotypes are driven by increased NLRP3 expression, ASC-containing inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, and extracellular release of IL-1β/IL-18 rather than by nonspecific cell injury alone. The pathway is strongly linked to inflammation-related disease phenotypes because monosodium urate crystals activate NALP3/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in gout-like crystal inflammation, cholesterol crystals activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in atherogenesis models, and DSS-induced intestinal inflammation has been reported to involve NLRP3 inflammasome activity. However, experimental colitis studies also show context-dependent protective effects of NLRP3 inflammasome co
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Lysosome and acidic-vesicle live-cell staining
Lysosome and acidic-vesicle live-cell staining detects acidic intracellular compartments by using membrane-permeant acidotropic probes that accumulate in low-pH vesicles, including lysosomes, late endosomes, autolysosomes, and acidic phagosomes. LysoTracker staining is commonly used as an intensity-based readout of acidic lysosomal compartment abundance or enlargement, while acridine orange produces green fluorescence in less concentrated compartments and red fluorescence after concentration-dependent accumulation in acidic vesicular organelles. Loss or reduction of acridine-orange red signal can be used as a readout of lysosomal membrane permeabilization or reduced acidic-vesicle integrity. This protocol is designed for live cultured cells and can be adapted for fluorescence microscopy, high-content imaging, plate-reader readout, or flow cytometry when the selected literature supports the readout. Because these dyes report acidotropic accumulation rather than lysosome identity alone,
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Senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining
Senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining detects β-galactosidase activity that is histochemically visible at pH 6. 0 in senescent cells, where X-gal cleavage produces an insoluble blue precipitate observable by bright-field microscopy. This activity reflects increased lysosomal β-galactosidase/lysosomal mass rather than a senescence-essential enzyme, because GLB1 depletion or genetic lysosomal β-galactosidase deficiency can abolish SA-β-gal staining while cells still undergo senescence. SA-β-gal was originally reported in senescent but not presenescent fibroblasts and keratinocytes, absent from quiescent fibroblasts and terminally differentiated keratinocytes, and increased with donor age in human skin samples. Because SA-β-gal can also appear in some non-senescent or tissue-specific contexts, interpretation should be paired with experimental controls and, when possible, independent senescence markers.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (276 KB)
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SDS (252 KB)
- English - EN (252 KB)
- Français - FR (252 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (252 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (252 KB)
- Español - ES (252 KB)
- Swedish - SV (252 KB)
- Italian - IT (252 KB)
- Korean - KR (252 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (252 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 1.2681 mL | 6.3403 mL | 12.6805 mL | 31.7013 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.2536 mL | 1.2681 mL | 2.5361 mL | 6.3403 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1268 mL | 0.6340 mL | 1.2681 mL | 3.1701 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.0845 mL | 0.4227 mL | 0.8454 mL | 2.1134 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.0634 mL | 0.3170 mL | 0.6340 mL | 1.5851 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.0507 mL | 0.2536 mL | 0.5072 mL | 1.2681 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0423 mL | 0.2113 mL | 0.4227 mL | 1.0567 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0317 mL | 0.1585 mL | 0.3170 mL | 0.7925 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0254 mL | 0.1268 mL | 0.2536 mL | 0.6340 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0211 mL | 0.1057 mL | 0.2113 mL | 0.5284 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0159 mL | 0.0793 mL | 0.1585 mL | 0.3963 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0127 mL | 0.0634 mL | 0.1268 mL | 0.3170 mL |
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