Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride
Based on 170 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride is a major metabolite of Clozapine and a human muscarinic designer receptors (DREADDs) agonist. Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride activates the DREADD receptor hM3Dq and hM4Di. Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Clozapine is a potent dopamine antagonist and also a potent and selective muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM) agonist.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 99.59%
- CAS No.: 2250025-93-3
- Formula: C18H21Cl3N4O
- Molecular Weight:415.74
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Storage:
4°C, stored under nitrogen
* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen)
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HY-17366
Clozapine N-oxide -
HY-42110A
Deschloroclozapine dihydrochloride -
HY-16950
4-Hydroxytamoxifen -
HY-12683
BPTES -
HY-13757A
Tamoxifen -
HY-90006
5-Fluorouracil -
HY-100218A
RSL3 -
HY-15142
Doxorubicin hydrochloride -
HY-118411
5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine -
HY-15141
Staurosporine -
HY-100558
Bafilomycin A1 -
HY-10071
Y-27632
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Nov 24;10(1):387. [Abstract]
- Science. 2026 Mar 19;391(6791).
- Cell. 2026 Jun 11;189(12):3571-3588.e27. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2026 Apr 2;189(7):2007-2023.e20. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2025 Sep 18;188(19):5175-5193.e21. [Abstract]
- Cell Metab. 2022 Feb 1;34(2):285-298.e7. [Abstract]
- Cell Stem Cell. 2025 Mar 20:S1934-5909(25)00084-0. [Abstract]
- Nat Neurosci. 2025 Jul;28(7):1404-1417. [Abstract]
- Nat Neurosci. 2023 Apr;26(4):542-554. [Abstract]
- Nat Neurosci. 2022 Dec;25(12):1639-1650. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Jun 16. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Apr 3;17(1):3462. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 25;16(1):6871. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 May 16;16(1):4560. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2024 Oct 5;15(1):8632. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2023 Apr 17;14(1):2182. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2022 Apr 25;13(1):2233. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2020 Nov 27;11(1):6045. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2020 Jun 5;11(1):2847. [Abstract]
- J Adv Res. 2026 Jan 2:S2090-1232(25)01037-9. [Abstract]
- J Adv Res. 2025 Oct 12:S2090-1232(25)00782-9. [Abstract]
- Neuron. 2026 Mar 18;114(6):1131-1151.e6. [Abstract]
- Neuron. 2025 Jul 29:S0896-6273(25)00509-4. [Abstract]
- Neuron. 2024 Jul 3;112(13):2197-2217.e7. [Abstract]
- Theranostics. 2024 Jan 1;14(2):480-495. [Abstract]
- Theranostics. 2023 May 11;13(9):2946-2961. [Abstract]
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- Biol Psychiatry. 2017 May 1;81(9):737-747. [Abstract]
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- Cell Rep. 2023 Dec 3;42(12):113551. [Abstract]
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- Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023 Sep;48(10):1509-1519. [Abstract]
- Transl Psychiatry. 2026 Jul 2.
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- Transl Psychiatry. 2026 May 21;16(1):311. [Abstract]
- Br J Pharmacol. 2026 Feb 27. [Abstract]
- Brain Behav Immun. 2023 Aug:112:96-117. [Abstract]
- Transl Psychiatry. 2020 Jun 20;10(1):202. [Abstract]
- Fundam Res. 2024 Mar 19.
- PLoS Biol. 2025 Jul 14;23(7):e3003272. [Abstract]
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- Neurosci Bull. 2026 Jul 25.
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- Neurosci Bull. 2025 Dec 24. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Bull. 2023 Jun;39(6):962-972. [Abstract]
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- Neurosci Bull. 2021 Sep;37(9):1325-1338. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Bull. 2021 May;37(5):597-610. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Jan 1:289:117392. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Jun;30(6):e14782. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Mar;30(3):e14675. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Jan;30(1):e14554. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023 Jun 29:262:115205. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023 Jan;29(1):390-401. [Abstract]
- Life Sci. 2020 Oct 1:258:118099. [Abstract]
- Life Metab. 2023 Feb 4;2(1):load004. [Abstract]
- Neurobiol Dis. 2023 Jun 15:182:106155. [Abstract]
- Cells. 2022 Dec 21;12(1):26. [Abstract]
- Commun Biol. 2026 Jun 22. [Abstract]
- Commun Biol. 2026 Apr 24;9(1):871. [Abstract]
- Commun Biol. 2023 Jan 14;6(1):50. [Abstract]
- Commun Biol. 2021 Sep 16;4(1):1088. [Abstract]
- J Affect Disord. 2025 Mar 1:372:149-159. [Abstract]
- Acta Physiol. 2023 Mar;237(3):e13917. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Sep 6:165:115494. [Abstract]
- Glia. 2026 Aug;74(8):e70183. [Abstract]
- Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Nov 17;63(1):63. [Abstract]
- Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Mar;62(3):2817-2834. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2025 Oct 1:395:115489. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2025 May:387:115193. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2024 Jul:377:114801. [Abstract]
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- Neuropharmacology. 2025 Apr 1:267:110301. [Abstract]
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- iScience. 2026 Jul 2;29(7):116589.
- iScience. 2025 Nov 22;28(12):114184. [Abstract]
- ACS Infect Dis. 2025 Jun 13;11(6):1528-1538. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2024 Oct 24;27(11):111251. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2023 Oct 23;26(11):108306. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2023 Aug 14;26(9):107486. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2022 Dec 20;26(1):105840. [Abstract]
- Brain Commun. 2022 Aug 30;4(5):fcac219. [Abstract]
- Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Apr 30:15:671473. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2025 Sep 15;39(17):e71015. [Abstract]
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- J Neurosci. 2024 Aug 21;44(34):e0740242024. [Abstract]
- J Neurosci. 2024 Jul 10;44(28):e0222242024. [Abstract]
- J Neurosci. 2021 Dec 1;41(48):9988-10003. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2020 Sep;34(9):11913-11924. [Abstract]
- Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2026 Apr 2:146:111680. [Abstract]
- Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2026 Jan 26:145:111623. [Abstract]
- Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2025 Aug 1;329(2):E254-E265. [Abstract]
- Neurobiol Stress. 2022 Sep 22:21:100492. [Abstract]
- Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Apr 20:115:110496. [Abstract]
- Front Neurosci. 2020 Jul 14;14:646. [Abstract]
- Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020 Jul:117:104690. [Abstract]
- Neuroscience. 2025 Dec 24:595:37-49. [Abstract]
- Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2024 Sep;241(9):1923-1935. [Abstract]
- J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2023 Aug 21;82(9):806-813. [Abstract]
- Neuroscience. 2019 Aug 21:414:299-310. [Abstract]
- Brain Res. 2026 Aug 15:1885:150332. [Abstract]
- World J Psychiatry. 2026 Feb 19;16(2):114736. [Abstract]
- Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2025 Dec:257:174114. [Abstract]
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IF
All Dopamine Receptor Isoforms
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Biological Activity
Description
IC50 & Target
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mAChR3 |
mAChR4 |
In Vitro
Clozapine N-oxide (CNO) can bind to non-DREADD receptors at concentrations required for DREADD activation, and undergoes reverse-metabolism to its parent compound clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic that acts at a variety of pharmacological targets and produces numerous physiological and behavioral effects[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
In Vivo
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 2250025-93-3
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 415.74
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Formula C18H21Cl3N4O
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Color Light yellow to yellow
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SMILES
C[N+]1([O-])CCN(C2=NC3=CC(Cl)=CC=C3NC4=CC=CC=C42)CC1.[H]Cl.[H]Cl
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, stored under nitrogen
* In solvent : -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen)
Publications (170)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Social memory maintenance relies on social interaction-induced proteolytic products of neuroligin 1. [Abstract]2025 Nov 24;10(1):387. PMID: 41276544 -
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Cell
2026 Jun 11;189(12):3571-3588.e27. PMID: 42019490 -
Cell
Restoring circadian rhythms in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus reverses aging biomarkers and extends lifespan in male mice. [Abstract]2026 Apr 2;189(7):2007-2023.e20. PMID: 41785851 -
Cell
2025 Sep 18;188(19):5175-5193.e21. PMID: 40818454 -
Cell Metab
2022 Feb 1;34(2):285-298.e7. PMID: 35108515 -
Cell Stem Cell
Vagal pathway activation links chronic stress to decline in intestinal stem cell function. [Abstract]2025 Mar 20:S1934-5909(25)00084-0. PMID: 40120585 -
Nat Neurosci
GABA-dependent microglial elimination of inhibitory synapses underlies neuronal hyperexcitability in epilepsy. [Abstract]2025 Jul;28(7):1404-1417. PMID: 40425792 -
Nat Neurosci
2023 Apr;26(4):542-554. PMID: 36941428 -
Nat Neurosci
Astrocytes mediate long-lasting synaptic regulation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. [Abstract]2022 Dec;25(12):1639-1650. PMID: 36396976 -
Nat Commun
Targeting dopamine transporter for treating social transmission of depression-like behaviors in male mice. [Abstract]2026 Jun 16. PMID: 42303982 -
Nat Commun
2026 Apr 3;17(1):3462. PMID: 41932919 -
Nat Commun
Distinct role of claustrum and anterior cingulate cortex bidirectional circuits in methamphetamine taking and seeking. [Abstract]2025 Jul 25;16(1):6871. PMID: 40715089 -
Nat Commun
A ventral pallidum-locus coeruleus-lateral hypothalamus pathway modulates brain arousal in freely behaving and isoflurane-anesthetized male mice. [Abstract]2025 May 16;16(1):4560. PMID: 40379709 -
Nat Commun
Hypothalamus-sympathetic-liver axis mediates the early phase of stress-induced hyperglycemia in the male mice. [Abstract]2024 Oct 5;15(1):8632. PMID: 39366937
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2024 Oct 5;15(1):8632. [Abstract]
Compared with the control group expressing AAV-DIO-mCherry in CRH neurons, intraperitoneal injection of CNO (1 mg/kg bodyweight in saline, i.p.) in mice increased blood glucose levels.
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Nat Commun
Plasticity in ventral pallidal cholinergic neuron-derived circuits contributes to comorbid chronic pain-like and depression-like behaviour in male mice. [Abstract]2023 Apr 17;14(1):2182. PMID: 37069246 -
Nat Commun
Subthalamic nucleus stabilizes movements by reducing neural spike variability in monkey basal ganglia. [Abstract]2022 Apr 25;13(1):2233. PMID: 35468893 -
Nat Commun
Tactile modulation of memory and anxiety requires dentate granule cells along the dorsoventral axis. [Abstract]2020 Nov 27;11(1):6045. PMID: 33247136 -
Nat Commun
Activation of GCN2/ATF4 signals in amygdalar PKC-δ neurons promotes WAT browning under leucine deprivation. [Abstract]2020 Jun 5;11(1):2847. PMID: 32504036 -
J Adv Res
Ursolic acid reduces Aβ-driven aggression via Gab1-mediated autophagy and dorsal hippocampal circuit modulation in Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]2026 Jan 2:S2090-1232(25)01037-9. PMID: 41485573 -
J Adv Res
A ventral hippocampus-basolateral amygdala circuit regulates the unconditioned stimulus retrieval-induced reconsolidation of remote fear memory. [Abstract]2025 Oct 12:S2090-1232(25)00782-9. PMID: 41086982 -
Neuron
Converging dopamine pathways onto basolateral amygdala neurons encode exploration decisions. [Abstract]2026 Mar 18;114(6):1131-1151.e6. PMID: 41638204 -
Neuron
Social interaction in mice suppresses breast cancer progression via a corticoamygdala neural circuit. [Abstract]2025 Jul 29:S0896-6273(25)00509-4. PMID: 40752486 -
Neuron
Astrocyte-mediated regulation of BLAWFS1 neurons alleviates risk-assessment deficits in DISC1-N mice. [Abstract]2024 Jul 3;112(13):2197-2217.e7. PMID: 38642554 -
Theranostics
Cerebellar Purkinje cell firing promotes conscious recovery from anesthesia state through coordinating neuronal communications with motor cortex. [Abstract]2024 Jan 1;14(2):480-495. PMID: 38169536 -
Theranostics
Chemogenetic activation of the HPC-mPFC pathway improves cognitive dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide -induced brain injury. [Abstract]2023 May 11;13(9):2946-2961. PMID: 37284451 -
Acta Pharm Sin B
GPR17 modulates anxiety-like behaviors via basolateral amygdala to ventral hippocampal CA1 glutamatergic projection. [Abstract]2024 Nov;14(11):4789-4805. PMID: 39664418 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Nigra-Subthalamic Dopaminergic Circuitry Modulates and Represents Distinct Pain Modality in Physiological and Pain States in Mice. [Abstract]2026 Jul;13(37):e19913. PMID: 41944312 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Amino Acid-Sensing Neurons in the Anterior Piriform Cortex Control Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis. [Abstract]2025 Jul;12(27):e2502421. PMID: 40305738 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
The Lung Microbiome Modulates Pain-Like Behavior Via the Lung-Brain Axis in a Nitroglycerin-Induced Chronic Migraine Mouse Model. [Abstract]2025 Jun;12(23):e2416348. PMID: 40162625 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Parvalbumin Interneuron-Dependent Hippocampal Neurogenesis Evoked by Prolonged Rhythmic Light Flicker. [Abstract]2025 Jun 30:e03017. PMID: 40586216 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
2025 May;12(18):e2412822. PMID: 40089863
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May;12(18):e2412822. [Abstract]
Examples of respiratory waveforms in mice after injection of saline and CNO (1 mg/kg, i.p.) respectively.
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May;12(18):e2412822. [Abstract]
The injection (1 mg/kg, i.p.) of CNO produced a long‐lasting decrease in BF and MV rather than TV in Vgat‐Cre mice (n = 15 for each group). All error bars show mean ± s.e.m.
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Adv Sci (Weinh)
Fam172a Mediates the Stimulation of Hypothalamic Oxytocin Neurons to Suppress Obesity-Induced Anxiety. [Abstract]2025 Apr;12(14):e2414723. PMID: 39960327 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Neuroligin 1 Regulates Autistic-Like Repetitive Behavior through Modulating the Activity of Striatal D2 Receptor-Expressing Medium Spiny Neurons. [Abstract]2025 Feb;12(5):e2410728. PMID: 39661696 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Homeostatic Shrinkage of Dendritic Spines Requires Melatonin Type 3 Receptor Activation During Sleep. [Abstract]2024 Oct;11(38):e2400253. PMID: 39119847 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
PDGF-BB-Dependent Neurogenesis Buffers Depressive-Like Behaviors by Inhibition of GABAergic Projection from Medial Septum to Dentate Gyrus. [Abstract]2023 Aug;10(22):e2301110. PMID: 37325895 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Neuregulin4 Acts on Hypothalamic ErBb4 to Excite Oxytocin Neurons and Preserve Metabolic Homeostasis. [Abstract]2023 Jun;10(16):e2204824. PMID: 37060105 -
Cell Rep Med
Hypothalamic malate dehydrogenase 2 modulates systemic glucose metabolism through oxytocin-mediated thermogenesis. [Abstract]2026 Feb 17;7(2):102616. PMID: 41672064 -
Sci Adv
EphB1-NR2B receptor signaling in glutamatergic neurons of the ventroposteromedial thalamic nucleus regulates emergence from anesthesia. [Abstract]2025 Dec 5;11(49):eadw7972. PMID: 41348875 -
J Sport Health Sci
The medial septal-medial habenula cholinergic circuit: A new mechanism of exercise improving cognitive function in AD mice. [Abstract]2025 Dec 30:15:101118. PMID: 41478467 -
Research (Wash D C)
Interleukin-4-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Microglia Contributes to Allergic Rhinitis via Central Sensitization. [Abstract]2025 Sep 25:2025:0897. PMID: 41019284 -
Pharmacol Res
Proinflammatory activation of microglia in the cerebellum hyperexcites Purkinje cells to trigger ataxia. [Abstract]2023 May:191:106773. PMID: 37068531 -
J Neuroinflammation
Microglial galectin-3 disrupts parvalbumin interneurons and hippocampal synchrony, driving cognitive deficits. [Abstract]2026 Jun 5. PMID: 42249483 -
J Neuroinflammation
PVNOXT regulates acinar cell-mediated inflammatory response via DMVACh projections to the acinar cell. [Abstract]2026 May 25. PMID: 42186091 -
J Neuroinflammation
2025 Oct 2;22(1):222. PMID: 41039397
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Neuroinflammation. 2025 Oct 2;22(1):222. [Abstract]
Statistical analysis of calcium transients in sham-operated mice after intraventricular injection of LPS followed by intraperitoneal injection of CNO (5 mg/kg) or saline.
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J Neuroinflammation
Astrocyte reactivation in medial prefrontal cortex contributes to obesity-promoted depressive-like behaviors. [Abstract]2022 Jun 27;19(1):166. PMID: 35761401 -
J Neuroinflammation
Activation of locus coeruleus-spinal cord noradrenergic neurons alleviates neuropathic pain in mice via reducing neuroinflammation from astrocytes and microglia in spinal dorsal horn. [Abstract]2022 May 27;19(1):123. PMID: 35624514 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
PACSIN2-mediated synaptic injury contributes to behavioral disorders caused by chronic stress. [Abstract]2026 May 7. PMID: 42098399 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Activation of peripheral muscarinic receptors rescues depressive-like behaviors via gut-brain-axis, involving parasympathetic excitation. [Abstract]2026 May 29. PMID: 42215618 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Serotonin receptor 4 in the ventral CA3 regulates agomelatine-induced anxiolytic-like behaviors. [Abstract]2025 Dec 1. PMID: 41326809 -
Mol Psychiatry
Stress induces behavioral disorders by promoting microglial phagocytosis via decreasing neuronal Dkk3. [Abstract]2025 Oct 24. PMID: 41136744 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Dysfunction of subthalamic dopaminergic circuitry contributes to anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in 6-OHDA lesion-induced hemiparkinsonian mice. [Abstract]2025 May 6. PMID: 40329003 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Differential regulation of pruritic sensation and emotion by cannabinoid type 1 receptors on mPFC glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. [Abstract]2025 Apr;46(4):904-921. PMID: 39663420 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Up-regulation of microglial chemokine CXCL12 in anterior cingulate cortex mediates neuropathic pain in diabetic mice. [Abstract]2023 Jul;44(7):1337-1349. PMID: 36697977 -
Br J Anaesth
Microglial activation disrupts hippocampal CA1 sharp-wave ripples via the CA3-CA1 neural circuit that contributes to postoperative memory consolidation deficits in aged mice. [Abstract]2026 Jul;137(1):154-167. PMID: 42091343 -
Biol Psychiatry
Activation of Serotonin 2C Receptors in Dopamine Neurons Inhibits Binge-like Eating in Mice. [Abstract]2017 May 1;81(9):737-747. PMID: 27516377
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biol Psychiatry. 2017 May 1;81(9):737-747. [Abstract]
c-fos immunoreactivity in the VTA 90 minutes after injections of 1 mg/kg Clozapine N-oxide (CNO).
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Brain Stimul
Locus coeruleus tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons mediated the peripheral and central therapeutic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) in MRL/lpr mice. [Abstract]2023 Dec 23;17(1):49-64. PMID: 38145753 -
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Intestinal activating transcription factor 4 regulates stress-related behavioral alterations via paraventricular thalamus in male mice. [Abstract]2023 May 9;120(19):e2215590120. PMID: 37126693 -
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2021 Jul 13;118(28):e2103505118. PMID: 34260392 -
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Parvalbumin interneuron in the ventral hippocampus functions as a discriminator in social memory. [Abstract]2019 Aug 13;116(33):16583-16592. PMID: 31358646 -
Anesthesiology
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Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : ≥ 200 mg/mL (481.07 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 100 mg/mL (240.53 mM; Need ultrasonic)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 20 mg/mL (48.11 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 20 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (200.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 20 mg/mL (48.11 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 20 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (200.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: Saline
Solubility: 100 mg/mL (240.53 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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-
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-
Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (279 KB)
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SDS (420 KB)
- English - EN (420 KB)
- Français - FR (420 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (420 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (420 KB)
- Español - ES (420 KB)
- Swedish - SV (420 KB)
- Italian - IT (420 KB)
- Korean - KR (420 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (420 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Wess J, et al. Novel designer receptors to probe GPCR signaling and physiology. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2013 Jul;34(7):385-92. [Content Brief]
[2]. Manvich DF, et al. The DREADD agonist clozapine N-oxide (CNO) is reverse-metabolized to clozapine and produces clozapine-like interoceptive stimulus effects in rats and mice. Sci Rep. 2018 Mar 1;8(1):3840. [Content Brief]
[3]. van der Peet PL, et al. Gram scale preparation of clozapine N-oxide (CNO), a synthetic small molecule actuator for muscarinic acetylcholine DREADDs. MethodsX. 2018 Mar 23;5:257-267. [Content Brief]
[4]. Joseph Cichon, et al. Branch-specific dendritic Ca(2+) spikes cause persistent synaptic plasticity. Nature. 2015 Apr 9;520(7546):180-5. [Content Brief]
[5]. Silva RR, et al. Evaluation of Functional Selectivity of Haloperidol, Clozapine, and LASSBio-579, an Experimental Compound With Antipsychotic-Like Actions in Rodents, at G Protein and Arrestin Signaling Downstream of the Dopamine D2 Receptor. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jun 4;10:628. [Content Brief]
[6]. Zorn SH, et al. Clozapine is a potent and selective muscarinic M4 receptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Nov 15;269(3):R1-2. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 2.4053 mL | 12.0267 mL | 24.0535 mL | 60.1337 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.4811 mL | 2.4053 mL | 4.8107 mL | 12.0267 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2405 mL | 1.2027 mL | 2.4053 mL | 6.0134 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1604 mL | 0.8018 mL | 1.6036 mL | 4.0089 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1203 mL | 0.6013 mL | 1.2027 mL | 3.0067 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.0962 mL | 0.4811 mL | 0.9621 mL | 2.4053 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0802 mL | 0.4009 mL | 0.8018 mL | 2.0045 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0601 mL | 0.3007 mL | 0.6013 mL | 1.5033 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0481 mL | 0.2405 mL | 0.4811 mL | 1.2027 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0401 mL | 0.2004 mL | 0.4009 mL | 1.0022 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0301 mL | 0.1503 mL | 0.3007 mL | 0.7517 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0241 mL | 0.1203 mL | 0.2405 mL | 0.6013 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Clozapine N-oxide dihydrochloride Related Classifications
HY-17366A Related Classifications
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