Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder characterized by the abnormal backflow of stomach acid and contents into the esophagus due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia, and a sour taste in the mouth. With a global prevalence of 10–20%, GERD is often diagnosed based on symptom response to treatment, supported by endoscopic findings or acid exposure measurements when needed. Common contributing factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and certain medications. If untreated, GERD may result in complications such as esophagitis, esophageal stricture, and Barrett’s esophagus, a precancerous condition. Management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapies like antacids and proton pump inhibitors, and, in select cases, surgical intervention. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent long-term esophageal damage and improve quality of life.