IL-16

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine originally identified as lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF). Unlike classical four-helix-bundle interleukins, IL-16 is synthesized as a large 631-amino-acid precursor (pro-IL-16) that is cleaved by caspase-3 to release the bioactive C-terminal fragment. IL-16 signals through CD4, and to a lesser extent CD9 and topical integrins, inducing chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells, monocytes, eosinophils and dendritic cells via a PI3K and STAT6-dependent mechanism, and upregulating IL-2Rα expression on T cells. It is abundantly produced by CD8+ T cells, eosinophils, mast cells and epithelial cells at sites of allergic inflammation and asthma. IL-16 also suppresses HIV replication by competing for CD4 and interfering with viral entry, and elevated levels are found in multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis and certain lymphomas.