MEK1/MAP2K1

MEK1, encoded by the MAP2K1 gene, is a dual-specificity kinase occupying a central position in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade. It is activated by RAF kinases through phosphorylation of activation-loop serine residues, and then phosphorylates ERK1 and ERK2 on both threonine and tyrosine within the TEY motif; ERK1/2 are its only known substrates. MEK1 activity governs cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, and gain-of-function mutations occur in cancers and in RASopathies such as cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. As the gatekeeper of ERK signaling, MEK1 is targeted by approved allosteric inhibitors including trametinib and cobimetinib that are used in BRAF-mutant melanoma, usually in combination with BRAF inhibitors.