Calcium Homeostasis

Osteoporosis as a Metabolic Bone Disease

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease and is characterized by reduced bone strength, fragility fractures, and substantial morbidity, mortality, and personal and economic burden.

Lunar Rhythms and Vertebrate Reproduction

Lunar rhythms in vertebrate reproduction are recurring reproductive events synchronized with moon-related environmental cycles, including monthly lunar, semilunar, and tidal periodicities.

Ionic Signaling in Respiratory Rhythms

Ionic signaling in respiratory rhythms describes how ion channels, membrane conductances, intracellular ions, and receptor-linked ionic currents generate and regulate rhythmic neural activity that drives breathing.

Mechanisms and Functions of Cerebellar Rhythms

Cerebellar rhythms are temporally structured oscillatory and synchronous patterns of neuronal activity generated within cerebellar circuits or imposed through major afferent systems.

Bone Cell Circadian Rhythm Regulates Bone Remodeling Homeostasis

Bone cell circadian rhythm refers to intrinsic timekeeping programs operating in skeletal cells and their integration with systemic circadian signals to coordinate bone formation and resorption.

Acute Pancreatitis: Pathophysiology And Inflammatory Networks

Acute pancreatitis begins with injury to pancreatic acinar cells and can progress from a self-limited local illness to systemic inflammation and multiorgan failure.

Regulatory Circuits for Hyperalgesia

Regulatory circuits determine whether nociceptive input remains proportionate to tissue threat or becomes amplified beyond the initiating injury and its protective purpose.

Pan-Adrenergic Signaling and Seizure Suppression

Here, seizure suppression concerns prevention of later spontaneous seizures after status epilepticus, not immediate termination of an active clinical seizure.

Ion Channels in the Nervous System

Excitability emerges from coordinated channel ensembles, not the action of a single pore.

Neuro-Skeletal Interaction Mechanisms and Targeted Interventions

Neuro-skeletal interactions comprise central, autonomic, and sensory pathways that regulate bone formation, resorption, repair, vascular coupling, and pain.

Brain Assembloids: Constructing Human Neural Circuits In Vitro

Brain assembloids are three-dimensional human cell systems created by joining regionally specified neural organoids, sometimes with muscle or other tissue, so that cells can migrate, extend axons, form synapses, and build an interregional circuit in vitro.

Gut Sensory Nerve Endings and the Gut-Brain Axis

Gut sensory nerve endings detect mechanical, chemical, nutritional, microbial, and inflammatory conditions and transmit that information to enteric, spinal, and vagal circuits.

Membrane Contact Sites Mediate Organelle Interactions and Cancer Progression

Membrane contact sites are nanoscale regions where two organelles are closely apposed without membrane fusion, allowing lipids, calcium, metabolites, and signals to pass through organized protein assemblies.

Non-Programmed Cell Death Induced by Homeostatic Disruption

“Non-programmed cell death” is best aligned with accidental cell death rather than treated as a distinct newly discovered pathway.

NECSO: A Novel Necrotic Cell Death Characterized by Sodium Overload

Ion overload serves as an execution mechanism.

Cellular Interactions and Signaling Regulatory Mechanisms of the Blood-Brain Barrier

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized property of central nervous system microvessels that controls movement between blood and neural tissue.

Nuclear Receptors as Targets for Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases

Nuclear receptors are ligand-regulated transcription factors that connect lipids, hormones, nutrients, and circadian signals to gene programs controlling metabolism and inflammation.

Bone Axis Regulation of Cardiovascular Disease

The bone-cardiovascular axis includes two connected systems: skeletal endocrine signals that regulate mineral and energy metabolism, and bone-marrow niches that supply immune cells influencing vascular disease.

Mitochondrial homeostasis and myocardial health

Mitochondrial homeostasis is the coordinated maintenance of organelle protein quality, genome expression, membrane potential, dynamics, calcium signaling, biogenesis, and removal.

Gene Therapy in Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular gene therapy delivers, replaces, suppresses, or edits genetic information to alter disease mechanisms in cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, liver, or immune cells.

Mechanical-Energy Decoupling In Cardiovascular Disease

Mechanical-energy decoupling is a failure to match cardiac work with ATP production and efficient excitation-contraction coupling.

Diversity of Diuretic Targets and Applications

Diuretics reduce extracellular fluid or alter electrolyte excretion by targeting transport proteins and hormone pathways along different nephron segments.

Key Regulators of Cardiac Mechanical Homeostasis

Cardiac mechanical homeostasis is the capacity of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix to sense preload, afterload, stretch, stiffness, and shear and convert them into adaptive force, growth, perfusion, and repair.

Calcium signaling pathway in psychiatric and cardiovascular diseases

Calcium signaling converts electrical, chemical, and mechanical inputs into contraction, secretion, transcription, plasticity, and metabolism.

SIRT3 and Cardiovascular Diseases

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase that adjusts enzyme activity through lysine deacetylation.

Nitric Oxide (NO) and Vascular Homeostasis

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gaseous signaling molecule that maintains vascular tone, blood pressure, microvascular perfusion, and anti-inflammatory endothelial function.

Muscarinic Drugs: Research and Development Progress and Applications

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate central and peripheral cholinergic signaling.

Signal Input and Output Mechanisms of the Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex transforms distributed sensory, thalamic, subcortical, and intracortical input into perception, action, cognition, and descending output.

The Respiratory Cycle: A "Metronome" for Neuronal Activity

Breathing is both a life-sustaining motor program and a recurrent timing signal for the brain.

Coagulation Signal Cascade In Cardiovascular Disease

The coagulation signal cascade is a proteolytic network that converts vascular injury into thrombin generation, fibrin formation, platelet activation, and hemostatic clot stabilization.

Targeting Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes (MAMs) And Diabetic Complications

Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) are specialized ER-mitochondria contact sites that maintain interorganelle communication and regulate calcium homeostasis, lipid synthesis and transport, mitochondrial dynamics, ER stress, glucose homeostasis, autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation in diabetic complications.

Ion Channel Targets Drugged Strategy

Ion channel target drugging uses small molecules, peptides, biologics, natural products, and emerging light-controlled compounds to modulate channels that regulate membrane potential, ion flux, excitability, secretion, contraction, pain signaling, and cellular homeostasis.

Intracellular Calcium Signaling: From Second Messenger to Targeted Therapy

Calcium is an essential element for cellular life activities.