Cat. No.: HY-W010452

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium

(Synonyms: β-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium)

24 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 24 publication(s) in Google Scholar

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium (β-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium can modulate the properties of membrane lipids.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 98.0%
CAS No.: 150-83-4
Formula: C₄H₇NaO₃
Molecular Weight:126.09

Storage:

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 150-83-4

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
Chemical Information
Publications (24)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium (β-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium can modulate the properties of membrane lipids^[1].

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

Human Endogenous Metabolite

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
HEK293	IC₅₀	>15 mM Compound: 10	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells harboring pendrin P123S mutant after 72 hrs by MTT assay Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells harboring pendrin P123S mutant after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 28341401]

In Vitro

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium (β-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium) is capable of interacting with lipids (modeled using a DPPC monolayer) and altering phase behavior at clinical concentrations. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium also diminishes the interfacial viscosity of DPPC Monolayers^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 150-83-4
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 126.09
Formula C₄H₇NaO₃
Color White to off-white
SMILES

CC(O)CC(O[Na])=O
Synonyms

β-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Publications (24)

All In Vivo ImagingWBCell Proliferation/Viability AssayCell Imaging/StainingBio/Physico-chemical Assay

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Journal Impact Factor

Signal Transduct Target Ther

Malate initiates a proton-sensing pathway essential for pH regulation of inflammation. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 30;9(1):367. PMID: 39737965
Cancer Cell

Fusobacterium nucleatum facilitates anti-PD-1 therapy in microsatellite stable colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 14;42(10):1729-1746.e8. PMID: 39303724
Cell Metab

Ultrasensitive sensors reveal the spatiotemporal landscape of lactate metabolism in physiology and disease. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 3;35(1):200-211.e9. PMID: 36309010

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Metab. 2023 Jan 3;35(1):200-211.e9. [Abstract]

Fluorescence response of FiLa at the indicated concentration of lactate or other metabolites. Data are normalized to the initial value. PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate
Nat Metab

β-hydroxybutyrate inhibits Plasmodium falciparum development and confers protection against malaria in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;7(7):1330-1343. PMID: 40410577

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Metab. 2025 Jul;7(7):1330-1343. [Abstract]

Osmotic pumps filled with 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (0.5-1 mM, for 7 days) inhibited the proliferation of P. berghei ANKA in female C57BL/6 mice

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Metab. 2025 Jul;7(7):1330-1343. [Abstract]

The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (0-25 mM, 96 h) for inhibiting the in vitro proliferation of the malignant malaria parasite 3D7 strain is 7.268 mM.
Cell Host Microbe

Oat-β-glucan potentiates anti-PD-1 efficacy through Faecalibacterium prausnitzii-derived butyrate and indole-3-propionic acid. [Abstract]

2026 Jul 8;34(7):1333-1349.e10. PMID: 42214334
Cell Host Microbe

Roseburia intestinalis-derived butyrate alleviates neuropathic pain. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 8;33(1):104-118.e7. PMID: 39706182

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Host Microbe. 2025 Jan 8;33(1):104-118.e7. [Abstract]

3-Hydroxybutyric acid (10 mM, 1.5 h). The dynamic fluorescence intensity of calcium imaging in primary culture of vagal neurons over time in response to butyrate with or without different butyrate receptor antagonists.
Nat Protoc

Comprehensive multiscale analysis of lactate metabolic dynamics in vitro and in vivo using highly responsive biosensors. [Abstract]

2024 May;19(5):1311-1347. PMID: 38307980
Nat Commun

Impaired ketogenesis in Leydig Cells drives testicular aging. [Abstract]

2025 May 7;16(1):4224. PMID: 40328805

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 May 7;16(1):4224. [Abstract]

MLTC-1 cells were treated with 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mM) for 24 h before analysis.
Redox Biol

Histone lactylation-regulated METTL3 promotes ferroptosis via m6A-modification on ACSL4 in sepsis-associated lung injury. [Abstract]

2024 Aug:74:103194. PMID: 38852200
Mol Cell

Biased allosteric activation of ketone body receptor HCAR2 suppresses inflammation. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 7;83(17):3171-3187.e7. PMID: 37597514
Nat Chem Biol

Nuclear OXCT1 attenuates histone β-hydroxybutyrylation-mediated MHC-I transcription. [Abstract]

2026 May 27. PMID: 42204309
J Nanobiotechnology

The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate alleviates CoCrMo alloy particles induced osteolysis by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and osteoclast differentiation. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 9;20(1):120. PMID: 35264201
Acta Pharm Sin B

Parabacteroides distasonis promotes liver regeneration by increasing β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) production and BHB-driven STAT3 signals. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;15(3):1430-1446. PMID: 40370533
J Crohns Colitis

Intermittent ketogenic diet promotes Treg differentiation and alleviates Crohn's disease via the β-hydroxybutyrate driven AHCY-DNMT1-Foxp3 axis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 5;20(2):jjag003. PMID: 41527294
Cell Chem Biol

Aerobic glycolysis promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation via NLRP3 lactylation. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 19;33(2):213-226.e5. PMID: 41643668
Free Radic Biol Med

Deciphering the rules of disulfidptosis: a genome-wide signature for identifying disulfidptosis-related genes and analyzing hepatocellular carcinoma chemotherapy sensitivities. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 23:241:914-932. PMID: 41138962
Cells

2-Deoxy-D-glucose Alleviates Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting by Enhancing Ketone Metabolism and Inhibiting the Cori Cycle. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 25;11(19):2987. PMID: 36230949
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Acetoacetate Ameliorates Hepatic Fibrosis by Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma to Restore Lipid Droplets in Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 6;18(2):219. PMID: 40006033
J Pathol

Lactate-mediated activation of GPR81 regulates BCR/Abl protein expression in chronic myeloid leukemia cells selected under low oxygen tension. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 23. PMID: 41128634
J Nutr Biochem

Ketogenic Diet Alleviates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in UUO Mice by Regulating Macrophage Proliferation. [Abstract]

2023 Aug:118:109335. PMID: 37023933
BMC Neurol

Resveratrol attenuates the CoCl2-induced hypoxia damage by regulation of lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation in PC12 cells. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 10;25(1):153. PMID: 40211144

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: BMC Neurol. 2025 Apr 10;25(1):153. [Abstract]

PC12 cells were exposed to 100 µM CoCl₂, 20 mM 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium, and 20 mM 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium plus 100 µM CoCl₂ for 48 h.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: BMC Neurol. 2025 Apr 10;25(1):153. [Abstract]

Effect of 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium on the proliferation of PC12 cells. EdU staining (red) and Hoechst staining (blue) of PC12 cells treated with 100 µM CoCl₂, 20 mM 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium, and 20 mM 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium (48 h) plus 100 µM CoCl₂.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: BMC Neurol. 2025 Apr 10;25(1):153. [Abstract]

Effect of 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium on the expression of P65. PC12 cells were exposed to 100 µM CoCl₂, 20 mM 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium, and 20 mM 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium plus 100 µM CoCl₂ for 48 h. The protein level of P65 in the nuclear fraction was analyzed via western blotting.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

A bright red fluorescent genetically encoded sensor for lactate imaging. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 19:734:150449. PMID: 39096623
SSRN

2026 Jun 11.
Research Square Preprint

2024 Aug 08.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Preprint. 2024 Aug 08.

Representative western blots for H3K9bhb and H3K9ac and Histone H3. MLTC-1 cells were treated with BHB (3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium; 1-5 mM) for 24 h before analysis.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Preprint. 2024 Aug 08.

Representative images of H3H9ac staining in MLTC-1 cells treated with BHB (3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium; 5 mM) for 24 h. Scale bar: 20 μm.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Preprint. 2024 Aug 08.

HDAC activity in MLTC-1 cells treated with BHB (3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium; 5 mM) or Vorinostat (1 μM). n = 3 per group.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Research Square Preprint. 2024 Aug 08.

Representative images of SA-β-gal staining in MLTC-1 cells of the indicated groups. Senescent cells were treated with BHB (3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium; 5 mM) or Vorinostat (1 μM) for 48 h before staining. Scale bar: 75 μm.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 25 mg/mL (198.27 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)

DMSO : 16.67 mg/mL (132.21 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

7.9308 mL

39.6542 mL

79.3084 mL

5 mM

1.5862 mL

7.9308 mL

15.8617 mL

10 mM

0.7931 mL

3.9654 mL

7.9308 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (25.78 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (32.5 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (25.78 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (32.5 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (25.78 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 3.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (32.5 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 100 mg/mL (793.08 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (272 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Hsu TT, et al. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid interacts with lipid monolayers at concentrations that impair consciousness. Langmuir. 2013 Feb 12;29(6):1948-55. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO / H₂O	1 mM	7.9308 mL	39.6542 mL	79.3084 mL	198.2711 mL
	5 mM	1.5862 mL	7.9308 mL	15.8617 mL	39.6542 mL
	10 mM	0.7931 mL	3.9654 mL	7.9308 mL	19.8271 mL
	15 mM	0.5287 mL	2.6436 mL	5.2872 mL	13.2181 mL
	20 mM	0.3965 mL	1.9827 mL	3.9654 mL	9.9136 mL
	25 mM	0.3172 mL	1.5862 mL	3.1723 mL	7.9308 mL
	30 mM	0.2644 mL	1.3218 mL	2.6436 mL	6.6090 mL
	40 mM	0.1983 mL	0.9914 mL	1.9827 mL	4.9568 mL
	50 mM	0.1586 mL	0.7931 mL	1.5862 mL	3.9654 mL
	60 mM	0.1322 mL	0.6609 mL	1.3218 mL	3.3045 mL
	80 mM	0.0991 mL	0.4957 mL	0.9914 mL	2.4784 mL
	100 mM	0.0793 mL	0.3965 mL	0.7931 mL	1.9827 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Keywords

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium

24 Cited Publications

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3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (24)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium

Bioactive Compound Library Max

Bioactive Compound Library

Metabolism/Protease Compound Library

Natural Product Library

Human Endogenous Metabolite Compound Library

Anti-diabetic Compound Library

Traditional Chinese Medicine Active Compound Library

Food-Sourced Compound Library

Human Metabolite Library

Animal-Sourced Natural Product Library

MCE Bioactive Compound Library

Natural Product Library Plus

Natural Product and Natural Product-Like Compound Library

Structurally Diverse Fragment Library

Miao Ethnicity Medicine Compound Library

Tibetan Medicine Compound Library

RO5 Drug-like Natural Product Library

High-Throughput Bioactive Compound Library

High-Throughput Natural Product Library

Mass Spectrometry Human Endogenous Metabolite Library

Mass Spectrometry Human Metabolite Library

Mongolian Medicine Compound Library

Natural Product Diversity Scaffold Library

Mass Spectrometry Natural Product Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) 3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (24)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

3-Hydroxybutyric acid sodium Related Classifications

HY-W010452 Related Classifications