Ap4A tetraammonium
Based on 1 Customer Validation
Ap4A tetraammonium (P1,P4-Di-(adenosine-5')-tetraphosphate tetraammonium) is a conserved second messenger in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Ap4A tetraammonium binds to the histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) activates the transcription of genes downstream of MITF. Ap4A tetraammonium induces apoptosis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 99.98%
- CAS No.: 102783-36-8
- Formula: C20H40N14O19P4
- Molecular Weight:904.51
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Storage:
-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
Description
In Vitro
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 102783-36-8
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 904.51
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Formula C20H40N14O19P4
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3N)O[C@@H]1COP(OP(OP(OP(OC[C@H]4O[C@@H](N5C=NC6=C5N=CN=C6N)[C@H](O)[C@@H]4O)(O)=O)(O)=O)(O)=O)(O)=O.N.N.N.N
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Synonyms
P1,P4-Di-(adenosine-5')-tetraphosphate tetraammonium
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
H2O : 100 mg/mL (110.56 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Protocols
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (276 KB)
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SDS (252 KB)
- English - EN (252 KB)
- Français - FR (252 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (252 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (252 KB)
- Español - ES (252 KB)
- Swedish - SV (252 KB)
- Italian - IT (252 KB)
- Korean - KR (252 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (252 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Yu J, et al. Second messenger Ap4A polymerizes target protein HINT1 to transduce signals in FcεRI-activated mast cells. Nat Commun. 2019 Oct 11;10(1):4664. [Content Brief]
[2]. Vartanian A, et al. Ap4A induces apoptosis in human cultured cells. FEBS Lett. 1999 Jul 30;456(1):175-80. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O | 1 mM | 1.1056 mL | 5.5279 mL | 11.0557 mL | 27.6393 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.2211 mL | 1.1056 mL | 2.2111 mL | 5.5279 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1106 mL | 0.5528 mL | 1.1056 mL | 2.7639 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.0737 mL | 0.3685 mL | 0.7370 mL | 1.8426 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.0553 mL | 0.2764 mL | 0.5528 mL | 1.3820 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.0442 mL | 0.2211 mL | 0.4422 mL | 1.1056 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0369 mL | 0.1843 mL | 0.3685 mL | 0.9213 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0276 mL | 0.1382 mL | 0.2764 mL | 0.6910 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0221 mL | 0.1106 mL | 0.2211 mL | 0.5528 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0184 mL | 0.0921 mL | 0.1843 mL | 0.4607 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0138 mL | 0.0691 mL | 0.1382 mL | 0.3455 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0111 mL | 0.0553 mL | 0.1106 mL | 0.2764 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Ap4A tetraammonium Related Classifications
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