Art. -Nr.: HY-D0984

TMRM

42 Cited Publications

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Based on 42 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrial membrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms.

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CAS. Nr.: 115532-49-5
Formel: C₂₅H₂₅N₂O₃
Molecular Weight:401.48

Speicherung:

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Data Sheet (277 KB)

TMRM Chemical Structure

CAS. Nr.: 115532-49-5

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biologische Aktivität
- Beschreibung
- In Vitro
- Emission (Em)
- Excitation (Ex)
- Dyeing Example
Chemical Information
Publications (42)
Protokoll
Reinheit & Dokumentation
Verweise
Calculators
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biologische Aktivität

Beschreibung

In Vitro

Guide (Following is our recommended protocol. This protocol only provides a guideline, and should be modified according to your specific needs).
1.Preparation of TMRM working solution
1.1Preparation of the stock solution
Dissolve 1 mg TMRM in 525 μL DMSO to obtain 5 mM of stock solution.
1.2Preparation of TMRM working solution
Dilute the stock solution in serum-free cell culture medium or PBS to obtain 1-20 μM of working solution.
Note: Please adjust the concentration of TMRM working solution according to the actual situation.
2. Cell staining (Suspension cells)
2.1 Centrifuge at 1000 g at 4°C for 3-5 minutes and then discard the supernatant. Wash twice with PBS, 5 minutes each time. The cell density is 1×10⁶/mL.
2.2 Add 1 mL of working solution, and then incubate at room temperature for 5-30 minutes.
2.3 Centrifuge at 400 g at 4°C for 3-4 minutes and then discard the supernatant.
2.4 Wash twice with PBS, 5 minutes each time.
2.5 Resuspend cells with serum-free cell culture medium or PBS. Observation by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.
3. Cell staining (Adherent cells)
3.1 Culture adherent cells on sterile coverslips.
3.2 Remove the coverslip from the medium and aspirate excess medium.
3.3 Add 100 μL of working solution, gently shake it to completely cover the cells, and then incubate at room temperature for 5-30 minutes.
3.4 Wash twice with medium, 5 minutes each time. Observation by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry.

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Emission (Em)

576

Excitation (Ex)

550

Dyeing Example

Chemical Information

CAS. Nr. 115532-49-5
Molecular Weight 401.48
Formel C₂₅H₂₅N₂O₃
SMILES

O=C(C1=CC=CC=C1C2=C3C=CC(N(C)C)=CC3=[O+]C4=C2C=CC(N(C)C)=C4)OC
Versand

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Speicherung

Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.

Publications (42)

All Cell Imaging/StainingFlow CytometryIF

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Journal Impact Factor

Signal Transduct Target Ther

Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase initiates mtDNA demethylation and leakage to fuel antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 26;11(1):113. PMID: 41888107
Mol Cancer

Sorafenib enhanced the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma by facilitating PPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 28;24(1):34. PMID: 39876004
Cell Metab

Mitochondrial dysfunction reveals H2S-mediated synaptic sulfhydration as a potential mechanism for autism-associated social defects. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 7;37(10):2076-2092.e8. PMID: 40907489
Cancer Discov

Correcting Mitochondrial Complex I Defect in Tumor-Associated Natural Killer Cells Potentiates Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 7. PMID: 41944586
Adv Mater

Cell Reprogramming-Inspired Dynamically Responsive Hydrogel Boosts the Induction of Pluripotency via Phase-Separated Biomolecular Condensates. [Abstract]

2024 May;36(22):e2211609. PMID: 36989141

TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Mater. 2024 May;36(22):e2211609. [Abstract]

TMRM (25 nM, 30 min) fluorescence analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential in MEFs, iPSCs, or cells undergoing reprogramming on day 5 and 7.
Bioact Mater

Metal-phenolic-network-coated gold nanoclusters for enhanced photothermal/chemodynamic/immunogenic cancer therapy. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 30:44:447-460. PMID: 39534788

TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Oct 30:44:447-460. [Abstract]

images of 4T1 cells stained with TMRM fluorescence probe after different treatments. The red fluorescence indicates the mitochondrial membrane potential. Scale bar: 50 μm. G1: PBS; G2: PBS + L; G3: AuNCs@PDA; G4: AuNCs@PDA + L; G5: AuNCs@PDA-Mn; G6: AuNCs@PDA-Mn + L, in which the symbols “L”, indicated the presence of NIR.
Autophagy

Melatonin alleviates rheumatoid arthritis via elimination of damaged mitochondria. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 25:1-16. PMID: 42290138
Autophagy

Exercise hormone irisin alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by removing dysfunctional mitochondria. [Abstract]

2026 May 25. PMID: 42186185
Autophagy

Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma by induction of lethal mitophagy through activating TRPV4. [Abstract]

2021 Nov;17(11):3592-3606. PMID: 33629929
ACS Nano

Microneedles Loaded with Nitric-Oxide Driven Nanomotors Improve Force-Induced Efferocytosis Impairment and Sterile Inflammation by Revitalizing Macrophage Energy Metabolism. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 11;19(9):9390-9411. PMID: 40025734

TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Nano. 2025 Mar 11;19(9):9390-9411. [Abstract]

Analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential. The proportion of TMRM positive cells in flow cytometry reflect the high or low mitochondrial membrane potential. Scale bar = 40 μm.
J Adv Res

Columbianadin ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by attenuating synoviocyte hyperplasia through targeted vimentin to inhibit the VAV2/Rac-1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug:74:609-620. PMID: 39369957

TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 Aug:74:609-620. [Abstract]

Effects of silencing and overexpression of vimentin on apoptosis of MH7A cells. TMRM/DAPI staining (n = 4).
Redox Biol

Synthetic anticoagulant octaparin targets mitochondrial cardiolipin-GSDMD axis to rescue redox homeostasis in sepsis. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 22:87:103877. PMID: 40992080
Mol Cell

β-hydroxybutyrate facilitates mitochondrial-derived vesicle biogenesis and improves mitochondrial functions. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 3;85(7):1395-1410.e5. PMID: 40118051
Gut Microbes

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid enhances resistance to Salmonella infection by promoting PPARγ-mediated metabolic reprogramming and effector function in CD8⁺ T cells. [Abstract]

2026 Dec 31;18(1):2657625. PMID: 41964110
Adv Sci (Weinh)

MCU Upregulation Overactivates Mitophagy by Promoting VDAC1 Dimerization and Ubiquitination in the Hepatotoxicity of Cadmium. [Abstract]

2023 Mar;10(7):e2203869. PMID: 36642847
Cell Rep Med

CD4+ anti-TGF-β CAR T cells and CD8+ conventional CAR T cells exhibit synergistic antitumor effects. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 18;6(3):102020. PMID: 40107245
Pharmacol Res

SERCA2 dysfunction drives vascular calcification via coupling with TSPO-MCU at mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes. [Abstract]

2026 May:227:108177. PMID: 41932666
Phytomedicine

Kaempferol functionally reprograms CD47 signaling to promote cytoprotection and attenuate oxeiptosis in severe acute pancreatitis. [Abstract]

2026 May 15:157:158305. PMID: 42184499
Phytomedicine

Berberine protects against dysentery by targeting both Shigella filamentous temperature sensitive protein Z and host pyroptosis: Resolving in vitro-vivo effect discrepancy. [Abstract]

2025 Apr:139:156517. PMID: 39986228
Mater Today Bio

ATG7-driven mitophagy in BMSC@CS hydrogel reprograms metabolism to boost bone regeneration. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 30:35:102483. PMID: 41281656
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Selective recognition memory impairment in mitochondrial hydroxylase Clk1 mutant mice, rescued by antipsychotics. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 1. PMID: 40890445
Basic Res Cardiol

Pinacidil ameliorates cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting chaperone-mediated autophagy of calreticulin. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;119(1):113-131. PMID: 38168863
Antioxidants (Basel)

ScFv T1 Protects Against Mitochondrial Damage of SH-SY5Y Cells Caused by Extracellular Tau Aggregates. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 21;15(4):515. PMID: 42072156
Stem Cell Res Ther

Enhance the therapeutic efficacy of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease through CRISPLD2 modulation. [Abstract]

2025 May 1;16(1):222. PMID: 40312744
Redox Rep

ROS-Drp1-mitophagy feedback loop regulates myogenic differentiation via actin cytoskeleton remodeling-mediated MRTF-A/SRF axis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;30(1):2536400. PMID: 40691128
Int J Mol Sci

Baloxavir Acid-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity and Cell Cycle Arrest Contribute to Its Adverse Effects. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 25;27(7):2967. PMID: 41977157
Int Immunopharmacol

Lipin1 ameliorates cognitive ability of diabetic encephalopathy via regulating Ca2+ transfer through mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 26:150:114266. PMID: 39961213
Int J Mol Sci

Calcium/P53/Ninjurin 1 Signaling Mediates Plasma Membrane Rupture of Acinar Cells in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 17;24(14):11554. PMID: 37511311
Inflammation

Dnmt3a-mediated DNA Methylation Regulates P. gingivalis-suppressed Cementoblast Mineralization Partially Via Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 10. PMID: 39789287
J Thromb Haemost

Piezo1 initiates platelet hyperreactivity and accelerates thrombosis in hypertension. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;19(12):3113-3125. PMID: 34411418
Cell Signal

PIM1 attenuates cisplatin-induced AKI by inhibiting Drp1 activation. [Abstract]

2024 Jan:113:110969. PMID: 37967691
Cell Signal

Capsaicin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells via TRPV1-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload. [Abstract]

2020 Nov;75:109733. PMID: 32771398
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol

Assessment of the toxicity of acrolein on an alveolus microphysiological system. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:122:104954. PMID: 41644025
Aquaculture

5 October 2022, 738900.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res

MARCH5 ameliorates aortic valve calcification via RACGAP1-DRP1 associated mitochondrial quality control. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 27:119911. PMID: 39880131
Fish Shellfish Immunol

Hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis). [Abstract]

2025 Jun:161:110275. PMID: 40086497
Endocrinology

The Immp2l Mutation Causes Ovarian Aging Through ROS-Wnt/β-Catenin-Estrogen Pathway: Preventive Effect of Melatonin. [Abstract]

2020 Sep 1;161(9):bqaa119. PMID: 32652035

TMRM purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Endocrinology. 2020 Sep 1;161(9):bqaa119. [Abstract]

Mitochondrial membrane potential detected by TMRE. TMRM staining reveals a decreased signal in the Immp2l knockdown granulosa cells compared to control cells, suggesting mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. Melatonin treatment prevented the membrane depolarization in Immp2l knockdown granulosa cells.
AAPS J

Dose Optimization of ClpP Agonists Using an In Vitro Microfluidic Perfusion Platform and In Silico Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 13;27(4):109. PMID: 40514581
Exp Eye Res

VDAC1 regulates mitophagy in NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal capillary endothelial cells under high-glucose conditions. [Abstract]

2021 Aug:209:108640. PMID: 34058229
Toxicon

Isobavachalcone disrupts mitochondrial respiration and induces cytotoxicity through ROS accumulation and Akt suppression. [Abstract]

2022 Sep:216:28-36. PMID: 35780971
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Baicalin promotes antibacterial defenses by modulating mitochondrial function. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 17:621:130-136. PMID: 35820283
Res Sq

2026 Jun 4.

Protokoll

Cell Assay^[1]

Cultures are exposed to Millipore-filtered solutions (0.22 µm) containing TMRM and/or drugs for 1 hr at 37°C (except the experiment involving different durations of exposure to TMRM). After treatment, solutions are removed and growth media reapplied under sterile conditions, and cultures are post-incubated for 18 hours at 37°C (except for the experiment involving analysis at different time points after exposure). Cells are then stained with 2 mg/mL bisbenzimide for 20 min at room temperature. Coverslips are subsequently washed in saline and imaged using 2P microscopy. Apoptotic cells are identified as brightly fluorescent nuclei under UV excitation indicating DNA fragmentation. Cell survivability is calculated as the percentage of live, unstained cells (±SD) in five microscopic fields per treatment^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Reinheit & Dokumentation

Select Batch:

Reinheit: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (277 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

Verweise

[1]. Crowley LC, et al. Measuring Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential by TMRE Staining. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2016 Dec 1;2016(12):pdb.prot087361. [Content Brief]

[2]. Chowdhury SR, et al. Simultaneous evaluation of substrate-dependent oxygen consumption rates and mitochondrial membrane potential by TMRM and safranin in cortical mitochondria. Biosci Rep. 2015 Dec 8;36(1):e00286. [Content Brief]

[3]. Monteith A, et al. Imaging of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial responses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons exposed to micromolar concentrations of TMRM. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58059. [Content Brief]

Calculators

Molaritätsrechner

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Konzentration Konzentration

Volumen Volumen

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Verdünnungsrechner

Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)} × Volumen _{(Stammlösung)} = Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)} × Volumen _{(Ziellösung)}

Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)} Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)}

Volumen _{(Stammlösung)} Volumen _{(Stammlösung)}

Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)} Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)}

Volumen _{(Ziellösung)} Volumen _{(Ziellösung)}

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

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TMRM

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) TMRM