C.I. Solvent red 197

The TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) and croton oil-induced mouse ear edema model is a well-established acute cutaneous inflammation system used to evaluate topical anti-inflammatory activity by measuring edema formation, neutrophil infiltration, vascular permeability, and cytokine-mediated skin responses in vivo. The inflammatory response is triggered by topical application of phorbol esters (TPA) or croton oil constituents, leading to rapid activation of protein kinase C signaling, leukocyte recruitment, and increased vascular permeability, which can be quantified by ear thickness, weight, dye extravasation, and biochemical markers such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and pro-inflammatory mediators in ear tissue homogenates. This model is widely used for screening anti-inflammatory agents, where reductions in edema and inflammatory biomarkers reflect suppression of acute dermal inflammation and immune cell infiltration. Histological evaluation typically confirms epidermal

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) dermatitis is a T cell-mediated delayed-type (Type IV) immune reaction in which low-molecular-weight haptens applied to the skin bind host proteins to form complete antigens, triggering sensitization followed by a secondary inflammatory response upon re-exposure (elicitation phase), which is commonly quantified by ear swelling as a readout of skin inflammation in murine models. This model is widely used to study allergic contact dermatitis because it is antigen-specific, reproducible, and reflects key immunological events including dendritic cell activation, T cell priming in draining lymph nodes, and effector T cell-driven tissue inflammation. DNFB- and oxazolone-induced CHS models are standard systems for evaluating both acute and chronic T cell-dependent skin inflammation and for testing immunomodulatory interventions.