Salubrinal
Based on 43 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Salubrinal is a cell-permeable and selective inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation. Salubrinal acts as a dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (Dusp2) inhibitor and suppresses inflammation in anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Salubrinal has antiviral activity against HSV-1 and inhibits dephosphorylation of eIF2α mediated by the HSV-1 protein ICP34.5.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.51%
- CAS No.: 405060-95-9
- Formula: C21H17Cl3N4OS
- Molecular Weight:479.80
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Storage:
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (protect from light)
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Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Salubrinal
More- Nature. 2026 Apr;652(8108):209-219. [Abstract]
- Nature. 2023 Sep;621(7977):188-195. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2025 Sep 4;188(18):4950-4967.e22. [Abstract]
- Sci Bull. 2025 May 30;70(10):1673-1690. [Abstract]
- J Adv Res. 2025 Jan 25:S2090-1232(25)00059-1. [Abstract]
- J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Dec 24;23(1):790. [Abstract]
- J Control Release. 2024 Dec 27:378:719-734. [Abstract]
- Cancer Biol Med. 2019 Feb;16(1):38-54. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2024 Aug 1;15(8):552. [Abstract]
- J Immunother Cancer. 2026 Jun 23;14(6):e015256. [Abstract]
- Chin Herb Med. 2026 Jun 24.
- Cell Death Discov. 2024 Aug 8;10(1):355. [Abstract]
- Acta Biomater. 2020 Jun;109:229-243. [Abstract]
- ACS Environ Au. 2025 Aug 5;5(6):573-582. [Abstract]
- J Hazard Mater Adv. 2026 Apr 15;22:101170.
- Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 Jun 7;16(1):289. [Abstract]
- Cell Prolif. 2021 Nov;54(11):e13133. [Abstract]
- Anal Chem. 2025 Jun 3;97(21):11099-11109. [Abstract]
- Mol Cancer Ther. 2026 Feb 11. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Oct 5:314:116620. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2026 Mar 18;74(10):8671-8686. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Sep 15:243:113966. [Abstract]
- EMBO Rep. 2022 Jun 7;23(6):e53932. [Abstract]
- ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021 Jul 12;7(7):3256-3268. [Abstract]
- Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 May 12;8:269. [Abstract]
- Toxicology. 2024 May:504:153800. [Abstract]
- Toxicology. 2021 Dec:464:152989. [Abstract]
- Nanomaterials. 2024 Sep 27;14(19):1564. [Abstract]
- Mol Oncol. 2025 Jul 9. [Abstract]
- Front Mol Neurosci. 2022 May 30;15:916458. [Abstract]
- Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023 Dec;396(12):3671-3682. [Abstract]
- Food Chem Toxicol. 2023 Feb:172:113577. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2026 May:316:110968. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2025 Jun 3:307:110559. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2023 Dec:287:109897. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2022 Aug:271:109494. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2020 Aug:247:108786. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2020 Aug;247:108786. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022 Jan 22:589:63-70. [Abstract]
- Microsc Res Tech. 2023 Nov;86(11):1529-1541. [Abstract]
- Res Sq. 2026 Jan 9.
- Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Feb:158:114133. [Abstract]
- Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 May;125:109819. [Abstract]
Customer Validation & Images
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Cell Imaging/Staining
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WB
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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WB
Biological Activity
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Dusp2 |
HSV-1 |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PC-12 | EC50 |
15 μM
Compound: 1
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Cytoprotective activity on rat tunicamycin treated rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 from apoptosis induced by Endoplasmic reticulum stress
Cytoprotective activity on rat tunicamycin treated rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 from apoptosis induced by Endoplasmic reticulum stress
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[PMID: 16002288] |
Salubrinal, a recently identified PP1 inhibitor capable to protect against endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in various model systems, strongly synergized with proteasome inhibitors to augment apoptotic death of different leukemic cell lines. Salubrinal preferentially seems to target the PP1/GADD34 complex, Salubrinal is of interest to examine whether the effect of Salubrinal could also be recapitulated by another inhibitor of this phosphatase. For this purpose cantharidin, wis selected, which is less toxic than okadaic acid, but which also blocks PP1 (IC50=1.7 μM) activities[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 405060-95-9
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 479.80
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Formula C21H17Cl3N4OS
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Color Light brown to brown
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SMILES
O=C(NC(NC(NC1=CC=CC2=C1N=CC=C2)=S)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)/C=C/C3=CC=CC=C3
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (protect from light)
Publications (43)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nature
2026 Apr;652(8108):209-219. PMID: 41781621 -
Nature
2023 Sep;621(7977):188-195. PMID: 37648854 -
Cell
2025 Sep 4;188(18):4950-4967.e22. PMID: 40651473 -
Sci Bull
Initial cardioplegic flush with crystalloid cardioplegia improves donor heart preservation and function via NR4A3 upregulation and metabolic reprogramming. [Abstract]2025 May 30;70(10):1673-1690. PMID: 40190001 -
J Adv Res
Hypericin photoactivation induces triple-negative breast cancer cells pyroptosis by targeting the ROS/CALR/Caspase-3/GSDME pathway. [Abstract]2025 Jan 25:S2090-1232(25)00059-1. PMID: 39870303
Salubrinal purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 Jan 25:S2090-1232(25)00059-1. [Abstract]
Crystal violet staining and microscopic imaging of MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells pretreated with 50 μM Salubrinal were performed 24 h after PDT-HP. The arrowheads point to blebbing cell.
Salubrinal purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 Jan 25:S2090-1232(25)00059-1. [Abstract]
Salubrinal (50 μM, 24 h) treatment significantly reversed the increase in p-eIF2α levels and the cleavage levels of caspase-3 and GSDME-N in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells after PDT-HP treatment.
Salubrinal purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 Jan 25:S2090-1232(25)00059-1. [Abstract]
Salubrinal (50 μM, 24 h) treatment reversed the PDT-HP-induced increase in cellular LDH release.
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J Nanobiotechnology
Disruption of cerebral cholesterol homeostasis by PS-NPs: astrocytic endoplasmic reticulum stress. [Abstract]2025 Dec 24;23(1):790. PMID: 41444604 -
J Control Release
Peptide amphiphiles alleviate myocardial endoplasmic reticulum stress to enhance cardiomyocyte-macrophage communication and promote macrophage M2 polarization. [Abstract]2024 Dec 27:378:719-734. PMID: 39710208 -
Cancer Biol Med
The PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/ROS/eIF2B pathway promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis via suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity and tumor cell susceptibility. [Abstract]2019 Feb;16(1):38-54. PMID: 31119045 -
Cell Death Dis
Triggering of endoplasmic reticulum stress via ATF4-SPHK1 signaling promotes glioblastoma invasion and chemoresistance. [Abstract]2024 Aug 1;15(8):552. PMID: 39090107
Salubrinal purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Dis. 2024 Aug 1;15(8):552. [Abstract]
Cell viability by MTT assay in LN229 cells with treatments of TMZ as well as Salubrinal (5 μ M) and ISRIB.
Salubrinal purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Dis. 2024 Aug 1;15(8):552. [Abstract]
Western blotting analysis of the protein expression of eIF2α/ATF4 signaling and apoptotic effector in LN229 cells with treatments of TMZ as well as Salubrinal (5 μ M) and ISRIB.
Salubrinal purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Dis. 2024 Aug 1;15(8):552. [Abstract]
Flow cytometry detected cell apoptosis in LN229 cells with treatments of TMZ as well as Salubrinal (5 μ M) and ISRIB.
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J Immunother Cancer
Dexamethasone activates anti-tumor immunity in multiple myeloma by dismantling the GR-PPP1CB complex to restore STING/IRF3 signaling. [Abstract]2026 Jun 23;14(6):e015256. PMID: 42336654 -
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Cell Death Discov
Combination of eribulin and anlotinib exerts synergistic cytotoxicity in retroperitoneal liposarcoma by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. [Abstract]2024 Aug 8;10(1):355. PMID: 39117615 -
Acta Biomater
Delivery of MutT homolog 1 inhibitor by functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles for enhanced chemo-photodynamic therapy triggers cell death in osteosarcoma. [Abstract]2020 Jun;109:229-243. PMID: 32294550 -
ACS Environ Au
Machine Learning-Assisted Recognition of Environmental Sulfur-Containing Chemicals in Nontargeted Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Inadequate Mass Resolution. [Abstract]2025 Aug 5;5(6):573-582. PMID: 41277996 -
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Stem Cell Res Ther
Unveiling the potential of MSC extracellular vesicles: MiR-122-5p enhancing chondrocyte regeneration in osteoarthritis via autophagy mechanism. [Abstract]2025 Jun 7;16(1):289. PMID: 40483498 -
Cell Prolif
Surf4 facilitates reprogramming by activating the cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. [Abstract]2021 Nov;54(11):e13133. PMID: 34585448 -
Anal Chem
Exposome-Scale Investigation of Cl-/Br-Containing Chemicals Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Multistage Machine Learning, and Cloud Computing. [Abstract]2025 Jun 3;97(21):11099-11109. PMID: 40401576 -
Mol Cancer Ther
Unfolded Protein Response as a Therapeutic Target: 4-(Heptyloxy)phenol Induces Programmed Cell Death in Ewing Sarcoma. [Abstract]2026 Feb 11. PMID: 41670299 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Marsdenia tenacissima extract induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated immunogenic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells through targeting AXL. [Abstract]2023 Oct 5:314:116620. PMID: 37207882 -
J Agric Food Chem
Zearalenone Disrupts the Placental Barrier via Integrated Stress Response Activation in Mice and Human Trophoblast Cells. [Abstract]2026 Mar 18;74(10):8671-8686. PMID: 41780030 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Co-exposure to polystyrene microplastics and lead aggravated ovarian toxicity in female mice via the PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway. [Abstract]2022 Sep 15:243:113966. PMID: 35981484 -
EMBO Rep
2022 Jun 7;23(6):e53932. PMID: 35403787 -
ACS Biomater Sci Eng
eIF2α-ATF4 Pathway Activated by a Change in the Calcium Environment Participates in BCP-Mediated Bone Regeneration. [Abstract]2021 Jul 12;7(7):3256-3268. PMID: 34191473 -
Front Cell Dev Biol
Rescue of HSP70 in Spinal Neurons Alleviates Opioids-Induced Hyperalgesia via the Suppression of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Rodents. [Abstract]2020 May 12;8:269. PMID: 32500072 -
Toxicology
Differential susceptibility of BRL cells with/without insulin resistance and the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway in response to acrylamide-exposure toxicity effects in vitro. [Abstract]2024 May:504:153800. PMID: 38604440 -
Toxicology
2021 Dec:464:152989. PMID: 34673134 -
Nanomaterials
Enhancement of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer-Specific Induction of Cell Death by Silver Nanoparticles by Combined Treatment with Proteotoxic Stress Response Inhibitors. [Abstract]2024 Sep 27;14(19):1564. PMID: 39404291 -
Mol Oncol
Raphin-1 mediates the survival and sensitivity to radiation of pediatric-type diffuse high-grade glioma via phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α-dependent and -independent processes. [Abstract]2025 Jul 9. PMID: 40632659 -
Front Mol Neurosci
Salubrinal Protects Against Cisplatin-Induced Cochlear Hair Cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Regulating Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2α Signalling. [Abstract]2022 May 30;15:916458. PMID: 35706425 -
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol
Integrating network pharmacology and experimental models to examine the mechanisms of corosolic acid in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma progression through activation PERK-eIF2a-ATF4 signaling. [Abstract]2023 Dec;396(12):3671-3682. PMID: 37294427 -
Food Chem Toxicol
Male reproductive toxicity of polystyrene microplastics: Study on the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. [Abstract]2023 Feb:172:113577. PMID: 36563925 -
Vet Microbiol
The PERK-eIF2α branch activates the NLRP3 inflammasome through the NF-κB signaling pathway to suppress NDV replication. [Abstract]2026 May:316:110968. PMID: 41793984 -
Vet Microbiol
PERK-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation suppresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by attenuating global protein synthesis and inducing IFN-Ⅰ production. [Abstract]2025 Jun 3:307:110559. PMID: 40494050 -
Vet Microbiol
Porcine IGFBP3 promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication via PERK/eIF2α mediated DNA damage. [Abstract]2023 Dec:287:109897. PMID: 37922860 -
Vet Microbiol
Induction and modulation of the unfolded protein response during porcine deltacoronavirus infection. [Abstract]2022 Aug:271:109494. PMID: 35752087 -
Vet Microbiol
Pseudorabies virus infection inhibits stress granules formation via dephosphorylating eIF2α. [Abstract]2020 Aug:247:108786. PMID: 32768230 -
Vet Microbiol
Pseudorabies virus infection inhibits stress granules formation via dephosphorylating eIF2α. [Abstract]2020 Aug;247:108786. PMID: 32768230
Salubrinal purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Vet Microbiol. 2020 Aug;247:108786. [Abstract]
Vero cells are treated with indicated concentrations of Salubrinal for 24 h, then whole cell lysates are collected and subjected to Western blot for eIF2α and P-eIF2α. Salubrinal treatment could block PRV infection-medicated eIF2α dephosphorylation partially.
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Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Salubrinal protects against inflammatory response in macrophage and attenuates psoriasiform skin inflammation by antagonizing NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]2022 Jan 22:589:63-70. PMID: 34891043 -
Microsc Res Tech
Reactive oxygen species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to osteocyte death induced by orthodontic compressive force. [Abstract]2023 Nov;86(11):1529-1541. PMID: 37382312 -
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Biomed Pharmacother
Jianpi-Qingchang decoction alleviates ulcerative colitis by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress-related autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. [Abstract]2023 Feb:158:114133. PMID: 36521243 -
Biomed Pharmacother
Asperuloside exhibits a novel anti-leukemic activity by triggering ER stress-regulated apoptosis via targeting GRP78. [Abstract]2020 May;125:109819. PMID: 32106370
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (104.21 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Protocol
Phosphatase activities are determined on immunoprecipitates of the phosphatases. Briefly, 2×106 K562 cells are treated for 18 hr with Salubrinal (20 µM), PSI (10 nM), the combination of both drugs or okadaic acid (100 nM). After washing with PBS, cells are lysed for 15 min on ice either in PP1LB (for determination of PP1γ-activity; 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol, 132 mM NaCl, Roche complete protease inhibitor ) or in RIPA (for PP2A), supplemented with Roche complete protease inhibitor). Cell lysates containing 500 µg (PP1γ) or 300 µg (PP2A) protein are immunoprecipitated overnight at 4°C with 2-3 µg of the appropriate antibodies and then incubated with Protein A-Sepharose. Immunoprecipitates are washed three times in lysis buffer, followed by resuspension in phosphatase assay buffer (PP2A: 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.5, 0.1 mM CaCl2; PP1γ: 50 mM Tris HCl pH 7.0, 0.2 mM MnCl2, 0.1 mM CaCl2, 125 µg/mL BSA, 0.05% Tween 20), supplemented with 100 µM 6,8-difluoro-4-methyl-umbelliferyl phosphate (DiFMUP). Precipitates are allowed to react with substrate for 1 hr at 37°C on an Eppendorf Thermoshaker, centrifuged and DiFMU fluorescence is measured on a BioTek Lambda Fluoro 320 microplate reader (360 nmex/460 nmem). Phosphatase activities are given as percent change relative to the control (DMSO treated cells)[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Cellular viability is assessed by the WST-1 colorimetric assay. Assays are performed on 96 well plates with 2×104 K562 cells/well in triplicate with Salubrinal concentrations ranging from 5-75 µM (total volume of 200 µL, 18 hrs). Untreated cells served as negative control sample[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Mice[2]
Using Balb/c female mice (~nine weeks old), CAIA is induced by intravenous injection of a 2 mg cocktail of ArthritoMAb antibodies on day 0 followed by intraperitoneal injection of 100 µg LPS on day 3. Mice are randomly divided into a placebo group and a Salubrinal-treated group. Salubrinal (2.0 mg/kg) is intravenously administered daily from day 0, while a solvent (49.5% PEG 400 and 0.5% Tween 80 in PBS) is administered to the placebo group.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (280 KB)
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SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Drexler HC. Synergistic Apoptosis Induction in Leukemic Cells by the Phosphatase Inhibitor Salubrinal and Proteasome Inhibitors. PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4161. [Content Brief]
[2]. Hamamura K, et al. Salubrinal acts as a Dusp2 inhibitor and suppresses inflammation in anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Cell Signal. 2015 Apr;27(4):828-35. [Content Brief]
[3]. Bryant KF, et al. ICP34.5-dependent and -independent activities of salubrinal in herpes simplex virus-1 infected cells. Virology. 2008 Sep 30;379(2):197-204. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 2.0842 mL | 10.4210 mL | 20.8420 mL | 52.1050 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.4168 mL | 2.0842 mL | 4.1684 mL | 10.4210 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2084 mL | 1.0421 mL | 2.0842 mL | 5.2105 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.1389 mL | 0.6947 mL | 1.3895 mL | 3.4737 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1042 mL | 0.5211 mL | 1.0421 mL | 2.6053 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.0834 mL | 0.4168 mL | 0.8337 mL | 2.0842 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.0695 mL | 0.3474 mL | 0.6947 mL | 1.7368 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0521 mL | 0.2605 mL | 0.5211 mL | 1.3026 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0417 mL | 0.2084 mL | 0.4168 mL | 1.0421 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0347 mL | 0.1737 mL | 0.3474 mL | 0.8684 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0261 mL | 0.1303 mL | 0.2605 mL | 0.6513 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0208 mL | 0.1042 mL | 0.2084 mL | 0.5211 mL |
Salubrinal Related Classifications
HY-15486 Related Classifications
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