GW9662
Based on 223 publication(s) in Google Scholar
GW9662 is a potent and selective PPARγ antagonist with an IC50 of 3.3 nM, showing 10 and 1000-fold selectivity over PPARα and PPARδ, respectively.
Para uso exclusivo en investigación. No vendemos a pacientes.
- Pureza: 99.98%
- No. CAS: 22978-25-2
- Fòrmula: C13H9ClN2O3
- Peso molecular:276.68
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Almacenamiento:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) GW9662
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024 Aug 23;9(1):218. [Abstract]
- Cancer Cell. 2025 Feb 10;43(2):269-291.e19. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Jun 8. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Aug 27;16(1):8009. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2024 Nov 21;15(1):10107. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2022 Apr 13;13(1):1989. [Abstract]
- Redox Biol. 2023 Oct:66:102848. [Abstract]
- Gut Microbes. 2026 Dec 31;18(1):2657625. [Abstract]
- J Clin Invest. 2026 Feb 26:e200062. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Jun 22:e24167. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 May;12(18):e2408724. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Nov 29:e2409126. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Nov;11(44):e2401931. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Jul;11(26):e2401939. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Differ. 2021 Jun;28(6):1880-1899. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Differ. 2019 Nov;26(11):2253-2267. [Abstract]
- J Sport Health Sci. 2025 Dec 18:101113. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2025 May 9;16(1):371. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2024 Aug 26;15(8):623. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2023 Apr 6;14(4):246. [Abstract]
- J Immunother Cancer. 2025 Oct 23;13(10):e012162. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Sci. 2024 Aug 6;20(11):4297-4313. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Sci. 2022 Aug 29;18(14):5503-5521. [Abstract]
- J Neuroinflammation. 2021 Aug 9;18(1):171. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Dec 16:150:157717. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2025 Sep:145:157059. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2022 Dec:107:154434. [Abstract]
- Phytomedicine. 2022 Oct:105:154386. [Abstract]
- J Pharm Anal. 2025 Dec;15(12):101307. [Abstract]
- J Pharm Anal. 2025 Jul;15(7):101182. [Abstract]
- J Hazard Mater. 2025 Apr 24:493:138407. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2026 May 18. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Discov. 2024 Jul 19;10(1):329. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Discov. 2024 Feb 19;10(1):89. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2023 Oct;44(10):2065-2074. [Abstract]
- Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021 Mar;42(3):470-481. [Abstract]
- Acta Neuropathol. 2024 Oct 24;148(1):57. [Abstract]
- Environ Int. 2024 Jan:183:108354. [Abstract]
- J Transl Med. 2021 Nov 27;19(1):484. [Abstract]
- Chin Med J (Engl). 2024 Sep 20;137(18):2266-2268. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Oct 17;331(Pt 2):148371. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Jan 1:139387. [Abstract]
- Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Nov 27:138168. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Med. 2025 Apr;55(4):59. [Abstract]
- Anim Nutr. 2026 Feb 6:25:160-174. [Abstract]
- Mol Med. 2024 Jun 3;30(1):74. [Abstract]
- Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Mar 31;11(4):682. [Abstract]
- Phytother Res. 2023 Feb;37(2):611-626. [Abstract]
- Phytother Res. 2022 Apr;36(4):1770-1784. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2026 Jun 8:254:31-45. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Sep:237:615-630. [Abstract]
- J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2026 May 7;17(1):85. [Abstract]
- J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2023 Jan 6;14(1):4. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2024 Jun 18;43(7):114364. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2022 Nov 15;41(7):111668. [Abstract]
- Cell Prolif. 2024 Jun 12:e13687. [Abstract]
- Cell Prolif. 2021 Jul;54(7):e13072. [Abstract]
- Brain Behav Immun. 2026 Feb 9:134:106483. [Abstract]
- Br J Pharmacol. 2024 Oct;181(20):3908-3925. [Abstract]
- Br J Pharmacol. 2021 Jun;178(12):2443-2460. [Abstract]
- Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Nov;90:55-69. [Abstract]
- Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Jul;87:568-578. [Abstract]
- Br J Pharmacol. 2018 Aug;175(16):3379-3393. [Abstract]
- Chin Med. 2026 Mar 4;21(1):75. [Abstract]
- Neurotherapeutics. 2021 Jan;18(1):326-339. [Abstract]
- Int J Oncol. 2018 Aug;53(2):551-566. [Abstract]
- Cancer Cell Int. 2023 May 9;23(1):87. [Abstract]
- JCI Insight. 2025 Oct 21:e189371. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2025 Sep 6;355(Pt A):120571. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2025 Apr 9:345:119585. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Nov 9;338(Pt 2):119068. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Mar 1:321:117550. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Sep 15:313:116557. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Apr 6:287:114967. [Abstract]
- Neurosci Bull. 2021 Oct;37(10):1412-1426. [Abstract]
- Eur J Med Chem. 2025 Oct 9:301:118226. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2024 May 24. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2023 Jan 25;71(3):1628-1642. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Nov 15:307:119433. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Jan 22:290:117765. [Abstract]
- CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024 Nov;30(11):e70081. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Jun 12:280:116577. [Abstract]
- Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Sep 15;201:110801. [Abstract]
- Biochem Pharmacol. 2025 Oct:240:117109. [Abstract]
- Life Sci. 2025 Jun 6:377:123797. [Abstract]
- Bioresour Bioprocess. 2025 Nov 3;12(1):124. [Abstract]
- Food Biosci. 2026 Apr 18;80:108920.
- Drug Des Devel Ther. 2025 Dec 25:19:11641-11657. [Abstract]
- Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021 Feb 23;15:803-812. [Abstract]
- Cells. 2022 Oct 27;11(21):3393. [Abstract]
- Cells. 2021 Dec 28;11(1):86. [Abstract]
- Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2026 Apr 15;75(5):145. [Abstract]
- J Inflamm (Lond). 2024 Aug 28;21(1):32. [Abstract]
- Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024 Jul 22;17(7):969. [Abstract]
- Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Dec 5:960:176113. [Abstract]
- Mar Drugs. 2022 Jan 24;20(2):96. [Abstract]
- Acta Physiol. 2022 Mar;234(3):e13778. [Abstract]
- Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Jan 15:843:134-144. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2026 Mar 23;27(6):2917. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2026 Feb 15:171:116162. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 Sep 23:162:115183. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 May 17:158:114885. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2025 May 23;26(11):5050. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Dec 31:147:113651. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Jun 7:137:112429. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 May 17:134:112241. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Sep 2;124(Pt A):110859. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Nov:112:109242. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Oct:111:109058. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Mar:92:107367. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Jan;90:107150. [Abstract]
- Mol Neurobiol. 2025 May 17. [Abstract]
- Mol Neurobiol. 2022 Jul;59(7):4368-4383. [Abstract]
- Mol Neurobiol. 2021 Apr;58(4):1504-1516. [Abstract]
- Front Pharmacol. 2022 May 16;13:848957. [Abstract]
- Front Pharmacol. 2021 May 21:12:687491. [Abstract]
- Front Pharmacol. 2021 Jun 24:12:672150. [Abstract]
- Front Pharmacol. 2020 Apr 22;11:500. [Abstract]
- Front Pharmacol. 2017 Jul 7:8:445. [Abstract]
- Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Jul 29;8:703. [Abstract]
- Exp Gerontol. 2025 Oct 10:112927. [Abstract]
- Molecules. 2022 Aug 15;27(16):5191. [Abstract]
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2025 May 24:167927. [Abstract]
- Mol Med Rep. 2022 Oct;26(4):318. [Abstract]
- Mol Med Rep. 2021 Mar;23(3):176. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):21259. [Abstract]
- J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2019 Mar:128:160-178. [Abstract]
- PLoS Pathog. 2016 Aug 24;12(8):e1005823. [Abstract]
- Exp Neurol. 2025 Oct 11:395:115486. [Abstract]
- Cancers (Basel). 2023 Mar 6;15(5):1620. [Abstract]
- Cancers (Basel). 2022 Dec 29;15(1):217. [Abstract]
- J Cell Mol Med. 2026 Feb;30(3):e70911. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2025 May 13:111842. [Abstract]
- Cell Signal. 2021 Aug:84:110043. [Abstract]
- Oncol Rep. 2021 Mar;45(3):975-986. [Abstract]
- Neuropharmacology. 2020 Jan 1;162:107760. [Abstract]
- Prog Neurobiol. 2021 Oct:205:102125. [Abstract]
- Neurochem Res. 2026 Jan 14;51(1):43. [Abstract]
- Brain Res Bull. 2023 Jul:199:110660. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2022 Oct 10;25(11):105319. [Abstract]
- Brain Res Bull. 2022 Sep:187:49-62. [Abstract]
- iScience. 2021 Sep 25;24(10):103170. [Abstract]
- Biomedicines. 2021 Jun 15;9(6):677. [Abstract]
- Brain Res Bull. 2018 Jun:140:378-391. [Abstract]
- FASEB J. 2021 Feb;35(2):e21316. [Abstract]
- Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2026 Aug:175:111443. [Abstract]
- Drug Dev Res. 2021 Apr;82(2):278-286. [Abstract]
- Clin Immunol. 2026 Apr:284:110677. [Abstract]
- Chem Res Toxicol. 2024 Sep 16;37(9):1574-1587. [Abstract]
- J Biol Chem. 2023 Apr;299(4):103059. [Abstract]
- Lab Invest. 2022 Oct;102(10):1121-1131. [Abstract]
- Toxins. 2021 Nov 13;13(11):802. [Abstract]
- Microb Pathog. 2025 Aug 5:208:107958. [Abstract]
- J Funct Foods. 2024 Dec.
- Food Sci Biotechnol. 2024 Oct 6;34(4):1015-1026. [Abstract]
- J Funct Foods. May 2022, 105046.
- Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2021 Jun 1;320(6):H2222-H2239. [Abstract]
- Nutr Metab. 2019 Mar 5:16:17. [Abstract]
- J Funct Foods. 2018 Sep;48:314-321
- Metab Brain Dis. 2025 Apr 3;40(4):168. [Abstract]
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2024 Jan;1869(1):159425. [Abstract]
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2023 Sep 22;1868(12):159397. [Abstract]
- J Orthop Surg Res. 2023 Aug 24;18(1):620. [Abstract]
- Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2020 Aug;1865(8):158711. [Abstract]
- Int J Med Sci. 2025 Jan 1;22(1):44-52. [Abstract]
- Biochem Eng J. 2021, 108104.
- Stem Cells Int. 2021 Apr 9:2021:8859071. [Abstract]
- Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2019 Jul 1;317(1):F137-F151. [Abstract]
- Drug Metab Dispos. 2019 Jun;47(6):556-566. [Abstract]
- Exp Cell Res. 2021 Oct 1;407(1):112768. [Abstract]
- World J Hepatol. 2025 Dec 27;17(12):113660. [Abstract]
- Front Oncol. 2025 Aug 11:15:1613773. [Abstract]
- Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2021 Aug 20;534:111366. [Abstract]
- Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2025 Jul 29. [Abstract]
- PPAR Res. 2023 Nov 8:2023:6422804. [Abstract]
- PPAR Res. 2021 Aug 25:2021:6086265. [Abstract]
- BMC Gastroenterol. 2025 Jan 20;25(1):22. [Abstract]
- Tissue Cell. 2025 Aug 29:97:103112. [Abstract]
- Yonsei Med J. 2018 Nov;59(9):1096-1106. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Res. 2018 Feb;52(2):198-211. [Abstract]
- J Cell Biochem. 2024 Jun;125(6):e30568. [Abstract]
- Biomed Res Int. 2020 Jul 13;2020:2315230. [Abstract]
- PLoS One. 2025 Dec 12;20(12):e0337906. [Abstract]
- PLoS One. 2025 Oct 22;20(10):e0335225. [Abstract]
- Gene. 2024 Aug 24:148892. [Abstract]
- Immunol Res. 2020 Feb;68(1):28-38. [Abstract]
- Gene. 2019 Jan 15:682:33-41. [Abstract]
- Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2024 Sep 14:106909. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2026 Jul 23:823:153971. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024 Dec 31:746:151269. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024 Jun 18:712-713:149955. [Abstract]
- Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021 Dec 10:582:77-85. [Abstract]
- J Orthop Res. 2022 Nov;40(11):2471-2479. [Abstract]
- Cytotechnology. 2026 Jun;78(3):98. [Abstract]
- Exp Ther Med. 2021 Mar;21(3):181. [Abstract]
- Exp Ther Med. 2019 May;17(5):3580-3588. [Abstract]
- Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2025 Aug 20;69(4):e240377. [Abstract]
- Am J Transl Res. 2016 Dec 15;8(12):5169-5186. [Abstract]
- Reprod Domest Anim. 2023 Nov;58(11):1559-1568. [Abstract]
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Actividad biológica
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PPARγ 3.3 nM (IC50) |
PPARα 32 nM (IC50) |
PPARδ 2000 nM (IC50) |
GW9662 inhibits radioligand binding to PPARγ, PPARα, and PPARδ with pIC50s of 8.48±0.27 (IC50=3.3 nM; n=10), 7.49±0.17 (IC50=32 nM; n=9), and 5.69±0.17 (IC50=2000 nM; n=3), respectively. GW9662 has nanomolar IC50 versus PPARγ and is 10- and 600-fold less potent in binding experiments using PPARα and PPARδ, respectively. In cell-based reporter assays, GW9662 is a potent and selective antagonist of full-length PPARγ[1]. Co-treatment with both 50 μM BRL 49653 and 10 μM GW9662 results in statistically lower viable cell numbers after 7 days when compared to treatment with either 50 μM BRL 49653 (P=0.001) or 10 μM GW9662 (P=0.01) alone[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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No. CAS 22978-25-2
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Appearance Solid
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Peso molecular 276.68
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Fòrmula C13H9ClN2O3
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O=C(NC1=CC=CC=C1)C2=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=CC=C2Cl
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Envío
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Almacenamiento
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 2 years -20°C 1 year
Publications (223)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
2024 Aug 23;9(1):218. PMID: 39174522 -
Cancer Cell
Adiponectin reduces immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammation without blocking anti-tumor immunity. [Abstract]2025 Feb 10;43(2):269-291.e19. PMID: 39933899 -
Nat Commun
Mycobacterium tuberculosis IDH-PPARγ interaction suppresses GPX4 to drive macrophage ferroptosis and sustain persistent infection. [Abstract]2026 Jun 8. PMID: 42259813 -
Nat Commun
Remodeling adipocytes' lipid metabolism with a polycation loaded enzyme-active framework reverses osteoporotic bone marrow. [Abstract]2025 Aug 27;16(1):8009. PMID: 40866384 -
Nat Commun
Acid-exposed and hypoxic cancer cells do not overlap but are interdependent for unsaturated fatty acid resources. [Abstract]2024 Nov 21;15(1):10107. PMID: 39572570 -
Nat Commun
2022 Apr 13;13(1):1989. PMID: 35418650 -
Redox Biol
Protective effects of luteolin against amyloid beta-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairments through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-dependent mechanism in Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]2023 Oct:66:102848. PMID: 37597424 -
Gut Microbes
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid enhances resistance to Salmonella infection by promoting PPARγ-mediated metabolic reprogramming and effector function in CD8⁺ T cells. [Abstract]2026 Dec 31;18(1):2657625. PMID: 41964110 -
J Clin Invest
CD38 expression by neonatal human naive CD4+ T cells shapes their distinct metabolic and tolerogenic properties. [Abstract]2026 Feb 26:e200062. PMID: 41746743 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Lilrb4a Suppression Reprograms Microglia to Mitigate APOE4-Associated Amyloid Plaques and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in Association With a PPAR-Linked Pro-Clearance State. [Abstract]2026 Jun 22:e24167. PMID: 42330346 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
FGF2 Mediated USP42-PPARγ Axis Activation Ameliorates Liver Oxidative Damage and Promotes Regeneration. [Abstract]2025 May;12(18):e2408724. PMID: 40091484 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Slow Metabolism-Driven Amplification of Hepatic PPARγ Agonism Mediates Benzbromarone-Induced Obesity-Specific Liver Injury. [Abstract]2024 Nov 29:e2409126. PMID: 39611414 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
The Thyroid Hormone Analog GC-1 Mitigates Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization. [Abstract]2024 Nov;11(44):e2401931. PMID: 39373388 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
The Long Non-Coding RNA Obesity-Related (Obr) Contributes To Lipid Metabolism Through Epigenetic Regulation. [Abstract]2024 Jul;11(26):e2401939. PMID: 38704700 -
Cell Death Differ
Kdm2a deficiency in macrophages enhances thermogenesis to protect mice against HFD-induced obesity by enhancing H3K36me2 at the Pparg locus. [Abstract]2021 Jun;28(6):1880-1899. PMID: 33462408 -
Cell Death Differ
HSPA12A is required for adipocyte differentiation and diet-induced obesity through a positive feedback regulation with PPARγ. [Abstract]2019 Nov;26(11):2253-2267. PMID: 30742088
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Differ. 2019 Nov;26(11):2253-2267. [Abstract]
Protein expression was examined using immunoblotting with or without the treatment of GW9662.
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J Sport Health Sci
2025 Dec 18:101113. PMID: 41421649 -
Cell Death Dis
CILP1 interacting with YBX1 promotes hypertrophic scar formation by suppressing PPARs transcription. [Abstract]2025 May 9;16(1):371. PMID: 40346063 -
Cell Death Dis
TREM2-dependent activation of microglial cell protects photoreceptor cell during retinal degeneration via PPARγ and CD36. [Abstract]2024 Aug 26;15(8):623. PMID: 39187498 -
Cell Death Dis
2023 Apr 6;14(4):246. PMID: 37024456 -
J Immunother Cancer
CPT1A inhibition alleviates plasmacytoid dendritic cell-mediated immune suppression in colon cancer through fatty acid oxidation modulation. [Abstract]2025 Oct 23;13(10):e012162. PMID: 41135952 -
Int J Biol Sci
PPARγ Agonist Pioglitazone Prevents Hypoxia-induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Reprogramming Glucose Metabolism. [Abstract]2024 Aug 6;20(11):4297-4313. PMID: 39247816 -
Int J Biol Sci
Jwa participates the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis via ERK/FBXW7-mediated NOTCH1/PPARγ/STAT5 axis and acts as a novel putative aging related gene. [Abstract]2022 Aug 29;18(14):5503-5521. PMID: 36147468 -
J Neuroinflammation
Ginsenoside Rb1 induces a pro-neurogenic microglial phenotype via PPARγ activation in male mice exposed to chronic mild stress. [Abstract]2021 Aug 9;18(1):171. PMID: 34372875 -
Phytomedicine
Network-guided discovery of Zeqi Decoction as a PPARγ-targeted therapy for pulmonary fibrosis. [Abstract]2025 Dec 16:150:157717. PMID: 41447837 -
Phytomedicine
Magnolin Promotes PINK1-Parkin-mediated Mitophagy in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Cells via PPAR-γ Pathway. [Abstract]2025 Sep:145:157059. PMID: 40680330 -
Phytomedicine
2022 Dec:107:154434. PMID: 36122436 -
Phytomedicine
Salvianolactone acid A isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by regulating PPAR-γ. [Abstract]2022 Oct:105:154386. PMID: 35985183 -
J Pharm Anal
1,8-Cineole ameliorates vascular endothelial senescence in diabetes mellitus by directly targeting and deubiquitinating PPAR-γ in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract]2025 Dec;15(12):101307. PMID: 41492461 -
J Pharm Anal
Effect of cholesterol on distribution, cell uptake, and protein corona of lipid microspheres at sites of cardiovascular inflammatory injury. [Abstract]2025 Jul;15(7):101182. PMID: 40735031 -
J Hazard Mater
Underlying mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease induced by 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate and its hydroxylated metabolite in zebrafish (Danio rerio). [Abstract]2025 Apr 24:493:138407. PMID: 40300519 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Few-shot learning-driven discovery of Lutein suppresses Th1-mediated inflammation via glucose metabolism. [Abstract]2026 May 18. PMID: 42144445 -
Cell Death Discov
2024 Jul 19;10(1):329. PMID: 39030174 -
Cell Death Discov
Inhibition of the ILK-AKT pathway by upregulation of PARVB contributes to the cochlear cell death in Fascin2 gene knockout mice. [Abstract]2024 Feb 19;10(1):89. PMID: 38374196 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Fisetin treatment alleviates kidney injury in mice with diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis through inhibiting CD36/fibrosis pathway. [Abstract]2023 Oct;44(10):2065-2074. PMID: 37225845 -
Acta Pharmacol Sin
Short-chain fatty acids exert opposite effects on the expression and function of p-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein in rat intestine. [Abstract]2021 Mar;42(3):470-481. PMID: 32555444 -
Acta Neuropathol
Autoantibodies to BACE1 promote Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]2024 Oct 24;148(1):57. PMID: 39448400 -
Environ Int
Adipogenic and osteogenic effects of OBS and synergistic action with PFOS via PPARγ-RXRα heterodimers. [Abstract]2024 Jan:183:108354. PMID: 38043320 -
J Transl Med
Phospholipase A2 group IIA correlates with circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and modulates cholesterol efflux possibly through regulation of PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 in macrophages. [Abstract]2021 Nov 27;19(1):484. PMID: 34838043 -
Chin Med J (Engl)
LEAP2 ameliorates high fat diet-impaired glucose tolerance and enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from β cells through PPARγ signal pathway. [Abstract]2024 Sep 20;137(18):2266-2268. PMID: 39157898 -
Int J Biol Macromol
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) promotes the morula-to-blastocyst transition in Tibetan sheep embryos by enhancing mitophagy through suppression of the AKT/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]2025 Oct 17;331(Pt 2):148371. PMID: 41110574 -
Int J Biol Macromol
An active protein from Dendrobium officinale residue: Protects the gastric mucosa and stabilized in the gastrointestinal tract. [Abstract]2025 Jan 1:139387. PMID: 39753178 -
Int J Biol Macromol
Insect chitosan derived from Hermetia illucens larvae suppresses adipogenic signaling and promotes the restoration of gut microbiome balance. [Abstract]2024 Nov 27:138168. PMID: 39613084 -
Int J Mol Med
Thymoquinone mitigates cardiac hypertrophy by activating adaptive autophagy via the PPAR‑γ/14‑3‑3γ pathway. [Abstract]2025 Apr;55(4):59. PMID: 39918010 -
Anim Nutr
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ameliorates high-fat diet-induced muscle textural deterioration in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by modulating adipose-muscle crosstalk via myostatin-taz signaling. [Abstract]2026 Feb 6:25:160-174. PMID: 41938616 -
Mol Med
Inhibition of CC chemokine receptor 1 ameliorates osteoarthritis in mouse by activating PPAR-γ. [Abstract]2024 Jun 3;30(1):74. PMID: 38831316 -
Antioxidants (Basel)
Docosahexaenoic Acid Alleviates Palmitic Acid-Induced Inflammation of Macrophages via TLR22-MAPK-PPARγ/Nrf2 Pathway in Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea). [Abstract]2022 Mar 31;11(4):682. PMID: 35453367 -
Phytother Res
Increasing brain glucose uptake by Gypenoside LXXV ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of diabetic Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]2023 Feb;37(2):611-626. PMID: 36325883 -
Phytother Res
A novel natural PPARγ agonist, Gypenoside LXXV, ameliorates cognitive deficits by enhancing brain glucose uptake via the activation of Akt/GLUT4 signaling in db/db mice. [Abstract]2022 Apr;36(4):1770-1784. PMID: 35192202 -
Free Radic Biol Med
Thiomyristoyl promotes type 2 diabetic wound healing and inhibits scarring via the PPARγ/Sirt3/SOD2 axis. [Abstract]2026 Jun 8:254:31-45. PMID: 42264197 -
Free Radic Biol Med
PPARγ mediated lysosomal membrane permeabilization and lipophagy blockage were involved in microplastics and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate co-exposure induced immature testis injury. [Abstract]2025 Sep:237:615-630. PMID: 40532836 -
J Anim Sci Biotechnol
Bacillus velezensis mitigates chronic LPS-induced lung injury of broilers via microbiota-driven isoflavone production and NF-κB/PPAR-γ axis modulation. [Abstract]2026 May 7;17(1):85. PMID: 42093011 -
J Anim Sci Biotechnol
Bacteroides-derived isovaleric acid enhances mucosal immunity by facilitating intestinal IgA response in broilers. [Abstract]2023 Jan 6;14(1):4. PMID: 36604758 -
Cell Rep
Tonic type 2 immunity is a critical tissue checkpoint controlling autoimmunity in the skin. [Abstract]2024 Jun 18;43(7):114364. PMID: 38900635 -
Cell Rep
FABP5 controls macrophage alternative activation and allergic asthma by selectively programming long-chain unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. [Abstract]2022 Nov 15;41(7):111668. PMID: 36384126
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Rep. 2022 Nov 15;41(7):111668. [Abstract]
GW9662 and MBPH co-treatment markedly reverse the PPARγ activation stimulated by MBPH in HepG2 cells.
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Cell Prolif
Procyanidin B2 improves developmental capacity of bovine oocytes via promoting PPARγ/UCP1-mediated uncoupling lipid catabolism during in vitro maturation. [Abstract]2024 Jun 12:e13687. PMID: 38864666 -
Cell Prolif
EZH2-mediated inhibition of KLF14 expression promotes HSCs activation and liver fibrosis by downregulating PPARγ. [Abstract]2021 Jul;54(7):e13072. PMID: 34031939 -
Brain Behav Immun
PPARγ in microglia helps protect adolescent male mice from harmful effects of stress during early development. [Abstract]2026 Feb 9:134:106483. PMID: 41672158 -
Br J Pharmacol
Microglial forkhead box O3a deficiency attenuates LPS-induced neuro-inflammation and depressive-like behaviour through regulating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. [Abstract]2024 Oct;181(20):3908-3925. PMID: 38881194 -
Br J Pharmacol
Tectorigenin alleviates intrahepatic cholestasis by inhibiting hepatic inflammation and bile accumulation via activation of PPARγ. [Abstract]2021 Jun;178(12):2443-2460. PMID: 33661551 -
Brain Behav Immun
DW14006 as a direct AMPKα1 activator improves pathology of AD model mice by regulating microglial phagocytosis and neuroinflammation. [Abstract]2020 Nov;90:55-69. PMID: 32739363 -
Brain Behav Immun
Pioglitazone alleviates maternal sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits in male rat offspring by enhancing microglia-mediated neurogenesis. [Abstract]2020 Jul;87:568-578. PMID: 32032783 -
Br J Pharmacol
A long-acting FGF21 alleviates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis partly through an FGF21-adiponectin-IL17A pathway. [Abstract]2018 Aug;175(16):3379-3393. PMID: 29859019 -
Chin Med
Weiyan Tongluo Granules attenuate gastric intestinal metaplasia through PPARγ/NF-κB/CDX2 signaling pathway. [Abstract]2026 Mar 4;21(1):75. PMID: 41776668 -
Neurotherapeutics
2021 Jan;18(1):326-339. PMID: 33034847 -
Int J Oncol
lncRNA Ftx promotes aerobic glycolysis and tumor progression through the PPARγ pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]2018 Aug;53(2):551-566. PMID: 29845188 -
Cancer Cell Int
Gastric cancer cell-originated small extracellular vesicle induces metabolic reprogramming of BM-MSCs through ERK-PPARγ-CPT1A signaling to potentiate lymphatic metastasis. [Abstract]2023 May 9;23(1):87. PMID: 37158903 -
JCI Insight
Angiopoietin-like 8 governs osteoblast-adipocyte lineage commitment during skeletal aging. [Abstract]2025 Oct 21:e189371. PMID: 41118261 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. water extract prevents and treats metabolic-associated fatty liver disease via pan-PPAR activity. [Abstract]2025 Sep 6;355(Pt A):120571. PMID: 40921229 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Proteomic analysis reveals that Acalypha australis L. mitigates chronic colitis by modulating the FABP4/PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]2025 Apr 9:345:119585. PMID: 40049341 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Magnolol preserves the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and mitigates intestinal injury through activation of PPAR γ in COPD rat. [Abstract]2024 Nov 9;338(Pt 2):119068. PMID: 39522848 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Essential oil from Fructus Alpiniae zerumbet ameliorates vascular endothelial cell senescence in diabetes by regulating PPAR-γ signalling: A 4D label-free quantitative proteomics and network pharmacology study. [Abstract]2024 Mar 1:321:117550. PMID: 38065350 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Quercetin serves as the major component of Xiang-lian Pill to ameliorate ulcerative colitis via tipping the balance of STAT1/PPARγ and dictating the alternative activation of macrophage. [Abstract]2023 Sep 15:313:116557. PMID: 37142141 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Network-driven targeted analysis reveals that Astragali Radix alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by maintaining fatty acid homeostasis. [Abstract]2022 Apr 6:287:114967. PMID: 34995692 -
Neurosci Bull
Pharmacological Activation of RXR-α Promotes Hematoma Absorption via a PPAR-γ-dependent Pathway After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. [Abstract]2021 Oct;37(10):1412-1426. PMID: 34142331 -
Eur J Med Chem
Design, synthesis and anti-diabetic evaluation of novel PPAR agonists based on functional group-oriented strategy. [Abstract]2025 Oct 9:301:118226. PMID: 41075607 -
J Agric Food Chem
Walnut-Derived Peptides Ameliorate Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairments in a Mouse Model via Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ-Mediated Excitotoxicity. [Abstract]2024 May 24. PMID: 38785039 -
J Agric Food Chem
Millet Bran Protein Hydrolysate Displays the Anti-non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Effect via Activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ to Restrain Fatty Acid Uptake. [Abstract]2023 Jan 25;71(3):1628-1642. PMID: 36638159 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
PPARγ-responsive luciferase reporter system for high-throughput screening of chemical toxins with potential pulmonary fibrosis effects. [Abstract]2025 Nov 15:307:119433. PMID: 41273832 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Effects of benzotriazoles UV-328, UV-329, and UV-P on the self-renewal and adipo-osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. [Abstract]2025 Jan 22:290:117765. PMID: 39847882 -
CNS Neurosci Ther
The Neuroprotective Mechanisms of PPAR-γ: Inhibition of Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in a Neonatal Mouse Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic White Matter Injury. [Abstract]2024 Nov;30(11):e70081. PMID: 39496476 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Assessment of the disruption effects of tetrabromobisphenol A and its analogues on lipid metabolism using multiple in vitro models. [Abstract]2024 Jun 12:280:116577. PMID: 38870736 -
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
Inflammasome/NF-κB translocation inhibition via PPARγ agonist mitigates inorganic mercury induced nephrotoxicity. [Abstract]2020 Sep 15;201:110801. PMID: 32502906 -
Biochem Pharmacol
2025 Oct:240:117109. PMID: 40619008 -
Life Sci
Activation of CB1R alleviates autism spectrum disorder-like behavior and synaptic impairments. [Abstract]2025 Jun 6:377:123797. PMID: 40484367 -
Bioresour Bioprocess
Traditional processing unlocks anti-atherogenic potential of perilla fruit via PPAR-γ activation by luteolin. [Abstract]2025 Nov 3;12(1):124. PMID: 41182513 -
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Drug Des Devel Ther
Preventive Effect of Oleanolic Acid on Ulcerative Colitis Caused by Dextran Sulfate Sodium via a PPARγ-Involved Mechanism in Mice. [Abstract]2025 Dec 25:19:11641-11657. PMID: 41477180 -
Drug Des Devel Ther
Convallatoxin Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization to Attenuate Atherosclerosis Through PPARγ-Integrin αvβ5 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]2021 Feb 23;15:803-812. PMID: 33654384 -
Cells
KLF9 Aggravates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Inhibiting PPARγ/NRF2 Signalling. [Abstract]2022 Oct 27;11(21):3393. PMID: 36359788 -
Cells
2021 Dec 28;11(1):86. PMID: 35011648 -
Cancer Immunol Immunother
Promoting APC function of B cells via reprogramming the fatty acid metabolism enhances anticancer immunity in metastatic ovarian cancer. [Abstract]2026 Apr 15;75(5):145. PMID: 41984099 -
J Inflamm (Lond)
Mulberroside A mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting MAPK and modulating Ppar-γ/NF-κB pathways. [Abstract]2024 Aug 28;21(1):32. PMID: 39198816 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
Exploring the Mechanism of Asiatic Acid against Atherosclerosis Based on Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and Experimental Verification. [Abstract]2024 Jul 22;17(7):969. PMID: 39065817 -
Eur J Pharmacol
GW9662 ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting the PPARγ/CD36 pathway and altering the gut microbiota. [Abstract]2023 Dec 5:960:176113. PMID: 37838102 -
Mar Drugs
Chitosan Oligosaccharides Alleviate Colitis by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota and PPARγ/SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB Pathway. [Abstract]2022 Jan 24;20(2):96. PMID: 35200626 -
Acta Physiol
rhADAMTS13 reduces oxidative stress by cleaving VWF in ischaemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. [Abstract]2022 Mar;234(3):e13778. PMID: 34989474 -
Eur J Pharmacol
MicroRNA-128 knockout inhibits the development of Alzheimer's disease by targeting PPARγ in mouse models. [Abstract]2019 Jan 15:843:134-144. PMID: 30412727
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Jan 15:843:134-144. [Abstract]
Protein levels of BACE1 and APP are measured by western blot assay in cerebral cortex of 12-month-old AD mice with different treatments (RSG and GW9662).
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Jan 15:843:134-144. [Abstract]
Protein levels of sAPPα and sAPPβ are measured by western blot assay in cerebral cortex of 12-month-old AD mice with different treatments (RSG and GW9662).
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Eur J Pharmacol. 2019 Jan 15:843:134-144. [Abstract]
PPARγ level is determined by IF assay in 3×Tg-AD mice, 3×Tg-AD mice with RSG treatment, 3×Tg-AD-KO mice, 3×Tg-AD-KO mice with GW9662 stimulation.
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Int J Mol Sci
2026 Mar 23;27(6):2917. PMID: 41898776 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Oleanolic acid alleviates intestinal injury after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion under steatosis via PPARG-dependent M2 macrophage polarization. [Abstract]2026 Feb 15:171:116162. PMID: 41494252 -
Int Immunopharmacol
PPARγ activation reduces pancreatic beta cell death in type 1 diabetes by decreasing heparanase-dependent insulitis. [Abstract]2025 Sep 23:162:115183. PMID: 40628043 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Phenylacetaldehyde attenuates Cutibacterium acnes-induced inflammation in keratinocytes and monocytes. [Abstract]2025 May 17:158:114885. PMID: 40383096 -
Int J Mol Sci
Ergolide Regulates Microglial Activation and Inflammatory-Mediated Dysfunction: A Role for the Cysteinyl Leukotriene Pathway. [Abstract]2025 May 23;26(11):5050. PMID: 40507859 -
Int Immunopharmacol
The tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid ameliorates septic colonic injury through activation of the PPARγ signaling pathway. [Abstract]2024 Dec 31:147:113651. PMID: 39742725 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Cannabidiol alleviates suture-induced corneal pathological angiogenesis and inflammation by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells. [Abstract]2024 Jun 7:137:112429. PMID: 38851157 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Moringin alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by regulating Nrf2/NF-κB pathway and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]2024 May 17:134:112241. PMID: 38761782 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Interleukin-10 increases macrophage-mediated chemotherapy resistance via FABP5 signaling in multiple myeloma. [Abstract]2023 Sep 2;124(Pt A):110859. PMID: 37666065 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Magnolol limits NFκB-dependent inflammation by targeting PPARγ relieving retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. [Abstract]2022 Nov:112:109242. PMID: 36152538 -
Int Immunopharmacol
Honokiol alleviates ulcerative colitis by targeting PPAR-γ-TLR4-NF-κB signaling and suppressing gasdermin-D-mediated pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract]2022 Oct:111:109058. PMID: 35901530 -
Int Immunopharmacol
6-Gingerol attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury via anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress by modulating the PPARγ/NF-κBsignalling pathway in rats. [Abstract]2021 Mar:92:107367. PMID: 33461160 -
Int Immunopharmacol
LncRNA SNHG7 alleviates IL-1β-induced osteoarthritis by inhibiting miR-214-5p-mediated PPARGC1B signaling pathways. [Abstract]2021 Jan;90:107150. PMID: 33296783 -
Mol Neurobiol
Analgesic Effects of Acupressure on Jing-jiaji Acupoints in a Rat Model of Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy. [Abstract]2025 May 17. PMID: 40381166 -
Mol Neurobiol
Addressing Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma in 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Striatal Neurotoxicity in Rats. [Abstract]2022 Jul;59(7):4368-4383. PMID: 35553009 -
Mol Neurobiol
Rice Bran Extract Protected against LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice through Targeting PPAR-γ Nuclear Receptor. [Abstract]2021 Apr;58(4):1504-1516. PMID: 33205365 -
Front Pharmacol
Astilbin Activates the Reactive Oxidative Species/PPARγ Pathway to Suppress Effector CD4+ T Cell Activities via Direct Binding With Cytochrome P450 1B1. [Abstract]2022 May 16;13:848957. PMID: 35652039 -
Front Pharmacol
Preclinical Investigation of Alpinetin in the Treatment of Cancer-Induced Cachexia via Activating PPARγ. [Abstract]2021 May 21:12:687491. PMID: 34093209 -
Front Pharmacol
Jujuboside B Inhibits Neointimal Hyperplasia and Prevents Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dedifferentiation, Proliferation, and Migration via Activation of AMPK/PPAR-γ Signaling. [Abstract]2021 Jun 24:12:672150. PMID: 34248626 -
Front Pharmacol
Ginsenoside Rg3 Alleviates ox-LDL Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Prevents Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice by Regulating PPARγ/FAK Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]2020 Apr 22;11:500. PMID: 32390845 -
Front Pharmacol
Immune and Metabolic Regulation Mechanism of Dangguiliuhuang Decoction against Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Steatosis. [Abstract]2017 Jul 7:8:445. PMID: 28736524 -
Front Cell Dev Biol
2020 Jul 29;8:703. PMID: 32850823 -
Exp Gerontol
α-Lipoic acid mitigates age-related cognitive decline by modulating PPARγ/NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation. [Abstract]2025 Oct 10:112927. PMID: 41077290 -
Molecules
Isorhamnetin Suppresses Human Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation through Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis. [Abstract]2022 Aug 15;27(16):5191. PMID: 36014431 -
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis
Ertugliflozin attenuates atherosclerosis in nondiabetic ApoE-/- mice by upregulating ABCA1 and LDLR via the PPARγ/LXRα pathway. [Abstract]2025 May 24:167927. PMID: 40419168 -
Mol Med Rep
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan improves morphine tolerance by reducing morphine‑induced inflammatory response and cellular activation of BV2 cells via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. [Abstract]2022 Oct;26(4):318. PMID: 36004465 -
Mol Med Rep
Propofol ameliorates endotoxin‑induced myocardial cell injury by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis via the PPARγ/HMGB1/NLRP3 axis. [Abstract]2021 Mar;23(3):176. PMID: 33398367 -
Sci Rep
2025 Jul 1;15(1):21259. PMID: 40596220 -
J Mol Cell Cardiol
The protective effect of high mobility group protein HMGA2 in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling. [Abstract]2019 Mar:128:160-178. PMID: 30711544 -
PLoS Pathog
MoDnm1 Dynamin Mediating Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial Fission in Complex with MoFis1 and MoMdv1 Is Important for Development of Functional Appressorium in Magnaporthe oryzae. [Abstract]2016 Aug 24;12(8):e1005823. PMID: 27556292 -
Exp Neurol
RvD1 signaling in peripheral macrophages promotes systemic β-amyloid clearance to mitigate the progression of perioperative neurocognitive disorders in mice. [Abstract]2025 Oct 11:395:115486. PMID: 41082997 -
Cancers (Basel)
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Exposed to High-Dose Ionizing Radiation Promote M2 Polarization of Macrophages, Which Induce Radiosensitivity in Cervical Cancer. [Abstract]2023 Mar 6;15(5):1620. PMID: 36900416 -
Cancers (Basel)
2022 Dec 29;15(1):217. PMID: 36612214 -
J Cell Mol Med
2026 Feb;30(3):e70911. PMID: 41614426 -
Cell Signal
2025 May 13:111842. PMID: 40373841 -
Cell Signal
Secretory Galectin-3 promotes hepatic steatosis via regulation of the PPARγ/CD36 signaling pathway. [Abstract]2021 Aug:84:110043. PMID: 33991615 -
Oncol Rep
VSP‑17 suppresses the migration and invasion of triple‑negative breast cancer cells through inhibition of the EMT process via the PPARγ/AMPK signaling pathway. [Abstract]2021 Mar;45(3):975-986. PMID: 33650675 -
Neuropharmacology
Involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in anticonvulsant activity of α-asaronol against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in zebrafish. [Abstract]2020 Jan 1;162:107760. PMID: 31493468 -
Prog Neurobiol
Adiponectin ameliorates hypoperfusive cognitive deficits by boosting a neuroprotective microglial response. [Abstract]2021 Oct:205:102125. PMID: 34333040 -
Neurochem Res
The Anti-proliferative Effects of Anandamide and Oleamide in Glioblastoma Cell Lines Recruit Mitochondrial and PPAR-γ Receptor Modulation. [Abstract]2026 Jan 14;51(1):43. PMID: 41533230 -
Brain Res Bull
Else_BRB_110660Docosahexaenoic acid promotes M2 microglia phenotype via activating PPARγ-mediated ERK/AKT pathway against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. [Abstract]2023 Jul:199:110660. PMID: 37149267 -
iScience
Metabolic modeling of single bronchoalveolar macrophages reveals regulators of hyperinflammation in COVID-19. [Abstract]2022 Oct 10;25(11):105319. PMID: 36246577 -
Brain Res Bull
Protective effects of fraxin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by mediating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress through PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]2022 Sep:187:49-62. PMID: 35772607 -
iScience
2021 Sep 25;24(10):103170. PMID: 34646996 -
Biomedicines
2021 Jun 15;9(6):677. PMID: 34203907 -
Brain Res Bull
Treatment with corn oil improves neurogenesis and cognitive performance in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. [Abstract]2018 Jun:140:378-391. PMID: 29935232 -
FASEB J
Butyrate drives the acetylation of histone H3K9 to activate steroidogenesis through PPARγ and PGC1α pathways in ovarian granulosa cells. [Abstract]2021 Feb;35(2):e21316. PMID: 33433947 -
Fish Shellfish Immunol
M1 macrophage polarization induces inflammatory response of adipocytes via MAPK/AKT-PPARγ pathway in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). [Abstract]2026 Aug:175:111443. PMID: 42162881 -
Drug Dev Res
Bergenin inhibits bladder cancer progression via activating the PPARγ/PTEN/Akt signal pathway. [Abstract]2021 Apr;82(2):278-286. PMID: 33112006 -
Clin Immunol
Elevated asprosin expression exacerbates synovial inflammation by PPAR-γ-dependent mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis. [Abstract]2026 Apr:284:110677. PMID: 41638328 -
Chem Res Toxicol
Novel Dual PPAR δ/γ Partial Agonist Induces Hepatic Lipid Accumulation through Direct Binding and Inhibition of AKT1 Phosphorylation, Mediating CD36 Upregulation. [Abstract]2024 Sep 16;37(9):1574-1587. PMID: 39235066 -
J Biol Chem
Selective PPARγ modulator Diosmin improves insulin sensitivity and promotes browning of white fat. [Abstract]2023 Apr;299(4):103059. PMID: 36841479 -
Lab Invest
PAQR3 depletion accelerates diabetic wound healing by promoting angiogenesis through inhibiting STUB1-mediated PPARγ degradation. [Abstract]2022 Oct;102(10):1121-1131. PMID: 35710596 -
Toxins
2021 Nov 13;13(11):802. PMID: 34822586 -
Microb Pathog
Regulatory mechanism of quercitrin on oxidative stress and histone acetylation changes in PRV infected 3D4/2 cells. [Abstract]2025 Aug 5:208:107958. PMID: 40769227 -
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Food Sci Biotechnol
Sodium butyrate activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ to suppress lithogenic diet-induced cholesterol gallstones in mice. [Abstract]2024 Oct 6;34(4):1015-1026. PMID: 39974854 -
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Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
Periostin promotes arterial calcification through PPARγ-related glucose metabolism reprogramming. [Abstract]2021 Jun 1;320(6):H2222-H2239. PMID: 33834866 -
Nutr Metab
Aerobic exercise decreases chemerin/CMKLR1 in the serum and peripheral metabolic organs of obesity and diabetes rats by increasing PPARγ. [Abstract]2019 Mar 5:16:17. PMID: 30873215 -
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Metab Brain Dis
Ginsenoside CK modulates glucose metabolism via PPARγ to ameliorate SCOP-induced cognitive dysfunction. [Abstract]2025 Apr 3;40(4):168. PMID: 40178645 -
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibits abdominal fat accumulation by promoting adipocyte apoptosis though PPARγ-LC3-BNIP3 pathway-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]2024 Jan;1869(1):159425. PMID: 37952912 -
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids
Regulation of low-density lipoprotein on lipid metabolism in macrophages of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). [Abstract]2023 Sep 22;1868(12):159397. PMID: 37741313 -
J Orthop Surg Res
2023 Aug 24;18(1):620. PMID: 37620972 -
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids
Regulation of adiponectin on lipid metabolism in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). [Abstract]2020 Aug;1865(8):158711. PMID: 32289502 -
Int J Med Sci
Cardiomyopeptide-Regulated PPARγ Expression Plays a Critical Role in Maintaining Mitochondrial Integrity and Preventing Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. [Abstract]2025 Jan 1;22(1):44-52. PMID: 39744161 -
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Stem Cells Int
Inhibition of Notch Signaling Promotes the Differentiation of Epicardial Progenitor Cells into Adipocytes. [Abstract]2021 Apr 9:2021:8859071. PMID: 33897781 -
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
Pioglitazone decreased renal calcium oxalate crystal formation by suppressing M1 macrophage polarization via the PPAR-γ-miR-23 axis. [Abstract]2019 Jul 1;317(1):F137-F151. PMID: 31091119 -
Drug Metab Dispos
Impairment of Intestinal Monocarboxylate Transporter 6 Function and Expression in Diabetic Rats Induced by Combination of High-Fat Diet and Low Dose of Streptozocin: Involvement of Butyrate-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor- γ Activation. [Abstract]2019 Jun;47(6):556-566. PMID: 30923035 -
Exp Cell Res
Fatty acid binding protein 3 deficiency limits atherosclerosis development via macrophage foam cell formation inhibition. [Abstract]2021 Oct 1;407(1):112768. PMID: 34370993 -
World J Hepatol
Integrated serum metabolomics reveal molecular mechanism of Xietu Hemu prescription on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related obesity. [Abstract]2025 Dec 27;17(12):113660. PMID: 41479521 -
Front Oncol
Transcriptomic analysis on pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients uncovers KRAS-mediated PPAR pathway alteration. [Abstract]2025 Aug 11:15:1613773. PMID: 40860798 -
Mol Cell Endocrinol
The protective effect of HOXA5 on carotid atherosclerosis occurs by modulating the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. [Abstract]2021 Aug 20;534:111366. PMID: 34126188 -
Cardiovasc Toxicol
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Enhance Cholesterol Accumulation and Dysregulate Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages. [Abstract]2025 Jul 29. PMID: 40728694 -
PPAR Res
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Sheep Trophoblast Cells through mTOR Pathway-Mediated Autophagy. [Abstract]2023 Nov 8:2023:6422804. PMID: 38020065 -
PPAR Res
Rosiglitazone Alleviates Mechanical Allodynia of Rats with Bone Cancer Pain through the Activation of PPAR- γ to Inhibit the NF- κ B/NLRP3 Inflammatory Axis in Spinal Cord Neurons. [Abstract]2021 Aug 25:2021:6086265. PMID: 34484316 -
BMC Gastroenterol
PPARγ activation attenuates neonatal CRD-induced visceral pain sensitization and anxiety in male rats by alleviating oxidative stress. [Abstract]2025 Jan 20;25(1):22. PMID: 39833676 -
Tissue Cell
Nanosphere loaded with curcumin attenuates adipogenesis and lipid metabolism by modulating AKT/mTORC1/PPARγ phosphorylation. [Abstract]2025 Aug 29:97:103112. PMID: 40886657 -
Yonsei Med J
Inhibition of miR-128 Abates Aβ-Mediated Cytotoxicity by Targeting PPAR-γ via NF-κB Inactivation in Primary Mouse Cortical Neurons and Neuro2a Cells. [Abstract]2018 Nov;59(9):1096-1106. PMID: 30328325
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Yonsei Med J. 2018 Nov;59(9):1096-1106. [Abstract]
MCN and N2a cells are treated with Control (DMSO), Troglitazone (Tro; 20 µM), or GW9662 (10 µM) for 24 h, followed by detection of PPAR-γ protein level via Western blot assay.
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Free Radic Res
Scutellarin ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through the PPARγ/PGC-1α-Nrf2 pathway. [Abstract]2018 Feb;52(2):198-211. PMID: 29400110
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Free Radic Res. 2018 Feb;52(2):198-211. [Abstract]
The effect of GW9662 on the protein expression of PPARγ.
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J Cell Biochem
PPARγ inhibition promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and fracture healing. [Abstract]2024 Jun;125(6):e30568. PMID: 38616655 -
Biomed Res Int
Ginsenoside Rb1 Alleviated High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatocytic Apoptosis via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ. [Abstract]2020 Jul 13;2020:2315230. PMID: 32733933 -
PLoS One
Investigation of the effect and mechanisms of moxa smoke in the treatment of Influenza A Virus (IAV) infection. [Abstract]2025 Dec 12;20(12):e0337906. PMID: 41385483 -
PLoS One
Plasma-activated media inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and ameliorates intestinal fibrosis through the PPARγ/TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway. [Abstract]2025 Oct 22;20(10):e0335225. PMID: 41124177 -
Gene
Investigating the potential mechanism of Pioglitazone in Sepsis-Related brain injury through transcriptomics. [Abstract]2024 Aug 24:148892. PMID: 39187138 -
Immunol Res
TLR-2-mediated metabolic reprogramming participates in polyene phosphatidylcholine-mediated inhibition of M1 macrophage polarization. [Abstract]2020 Feb;68(1):28-38. PMID: 32248343 -
Gene
2019 Jan 15:682:33-41. PMID: 30296566
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Gene. 2019 Jan 15:682:33-41. [Abstract]
OE-Con and OE cells are treated with GW9662 (10 μM), and protein expression levels are determined by western blot.
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Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat
Yanghe Decoction promotes ferroptosis through PPARγ-dependent autophagy to inhibit the malignant progression of triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]2024 Sep 14:106909. PMID: 39284544 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
PYCR2 contributes to sunitinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by activating the PPAR signaling pathway. [Abstract]2026 Jul 23:823:153971. PMID: 42155340 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Choline kinase alpha regulates autophagy-associated exosome release to promote glioma cell progression. [Abstract]2024 Dec 31:746:151269. PMID: 39778250 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Modulation of lipid profile by secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA: Verification with a transgenic mouse model. [Abstract]2024 Jun 18:712-713:149955. PMID: 38640737 -
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
FNDC5 induces M2 macrophage polarization and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth by affecting the PPARγ/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. [Abstract]2021 Dec 10:582:77-85. PMID: 34695754 -
J Orthop Res
PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone alleviates inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharides in osteoblast cells. [Abstract]2022 Nov;40(11):2471-2479. PMID: 35072290 -
Cytotechnology
Lysine-proline-valine peptide attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through ROS-dependent regulation of the PPARγ pathway in HepG2 cells. [Abstract]2026 Jun;78(3):98. PMID: 42064835 -
Exp Ther Med
FABP4 alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated ischemia-reperfusion injury in PC12 cells via regulation of PPARγ. [Abstract]2021 Mar;21(3):181. PMID: 33488790 -
Exp Ther Med
2019 May;17(5):3580-3588. PMID: 30988740 -
Arch Endocrinol Metab
Overexpression of PON1 reduces high glucose induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury by activating PPARγ signaling pathway to alleviate diabetes nephropathy. [Abstract]2025 Aug 20;69(4):e240377. PMID: 40834279 -
Am J Transl Res
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mediates the protective effect of quercetin against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via suppressing the NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]2016 Dec 15;8(12):5169-5186. PMID: 28077993
GW9662 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Am J Transl Res. 2016 Dec 15;8(12):5169-5186. [Abstract]
Inhibition of PPARγ by GW9662 attenuates the anti-apoptotic effect of quercetin. Western blot analysis of cleaved caspase-3 in the indicated groups.
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Reprod Domest Anim
2023 Nov;58(11):1559-1568. PMID: 37712626 -
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Biomed Pharmacother
Structure-based discovery of a novel nuclear receptor PPARγ inhibitor: Implications for obesity and metabolic disease intervention. [Abstract]2025 Oct 7:192:118615. PMID: 41061585 -
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Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
Arisaema heterophyllum Blume Monomer Stigmasterol Targets PPAR γ and Inhibits the Viability and Tumorigenicity of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells NCI-H1975. [Abstract]2022 Jul 20:2022:5377690. PMID: 35911149 -
Oxid Med Cell Longev
Cholecystokinin Octapeptide Promotes ANP Secretion through Activation of NOX4-PGC-1 α-PPAR α/PPAR γ Signaling in Isolated Beating Rat Atria. [Abstract]2022 Jun 20;2022:5905374. PMID: 35770043 -
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Oxid Med Cell Longev
Rosiglitazone Suppresses Renal Crystal Deposition by Ameliorating Tubular Injury Resulted from Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response via Promoting the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway and Shifting Macrophage Polarization. [Abstract]2021 Oct 14;2021:5527137. PMID: 34691355 -
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Aging (Albany NY)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 attenuated carboxymethyl lysine induced neuronal apoptosis via peroxisome proliferation activated receptor-γ. [Abstract]2021 Jul 29;13(14):19013-19027. PMID: 34326274 -
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Oxid Med Cell Longev
Shen-Hong-Tong-Luo Formula Attenuates Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation through the Activation of the PPAR- γ/LXR- α/ABCA1 Pathway. [Abstract]2020 Oct 1;2020:3426925. PMID: 33082908 -
Solvente y solubilidad
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (361.43 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.04 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 1% DMSO 99% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 0.5 mg/mL (1.81 mM); Clear solution
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 0.5% CMC-Na/saline water
Solubility: 5 mg/mL (18.07 mM); Suspended solution; Need ultrasonic
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocolo
Cells (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468) are plated in 96-well plates at a density of 1×103 cells per well in RPMI medium. After overnight incubation to allow for cell attachment, the medium is removed and replaced with fresh medium containing varying concentrations of BRL 49653 (1-100 μM), GW9662 (100 nM-50 μM) or solvent (DMSO) alone. MDA-MB-231 cells are also subjected to combinations of BRL 49653 (10, 50 μM) and GW9662 (1, 10 μM) added simultaneously. The final concentration of DMSO in all cases does not exceed 0.1% and is not found to be cytotoxic in any of the cell lines tested at this concentration. Chemosensitivity is assessed following a continuous 72 h exposure using a standard MTT assay.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Mice[3]
Inbred C57BL/6 (B6, H2b/b), DBA/1J (DBA/1, H2q/q), FVB/NJ (FVB, H2q/q) mice and congenic C.B10-H2b/b/LilMcd (CB10, H2b/b) mice are used. BADGE or GW9662, are administrated by daily intraperitoneal injection at 30 mg/kg for BADGE, or at 1 mg/kg for GW9662, from one day prior to the experiment and continued for up to 2 weeks. In the FVB AA model, some mice are injected with CsA (50 mg/kg/day) starting 1 hour after the LN injection, and continued for 5 days as immunosuppression. At the end of the experiments, the mice are euthanized by CO2 inhalation.
Rats[4]
Sixty-two male Wistar rats weighing 215 to 315 g are used in this study. Animals are randomly allocated into 6 groups as follows: (1) I/R group: control, rats are administered 10% (v/v) DMSO (vehicle for GW9662, 1 mL /kg, IP) 24 and 12 hours prior to renal I/R, and saline (vehicle for LPS, 1 mL /kg, IP) 24 hours prior to renal I/R (N=12); (2) I/R LPS group: rats are administered 10% (v/v) DMSO (vehicle for GW9662, 1 mL /kg, IP) 24 and 12 hours prior to renal I/R, and LPS (1 mg/kg, IP) 24 hours prior to renal I/R (N=11); (3) I/R GW9662 group: rats are administered GW9662 (1 mg/kg, IP) 24 and 12 hours prior to renal I/R, and saline (vehicle for LPS, 1 mL /kg, IP) 24 hours prior to renal I/R (N=9); (4) I/R LPS+GW9662 group: rats are administered GW9662 (1 mg/kg, IP) 24 and 12 hours prior to renal I/R, and LPS (1 mg/kg, IP) 24 hours prior to renal I/R (N=11); (5) Sham group: rats are subjected to the same surgical procedures as above, except for renal I/R. Rats are administered 10% (v/v) DMSO (vehicle for GW9662, 1 mL /kg, IP) and saline (vehicle for LPS, 1 mL /kg, IP) at times equivalent to those described above (N=12); (6) Sham GW9662 group: rats are subjected to the same surgical procedures as above, except for renal I/R. Rats are administered GW9662 (1 mg/kg, IP) and saline (vehicle for LPS, 1 mL /kg, IP) at times equivalent to those described above (N=7).
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Pureza y Documentación
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Ficha de datos (281 KB)
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SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Korean - KR (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
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Instrucciones de manejo (2659 KB)
Referencias
[1]. Leesnitzer LM, et al. Functional consequences of cysteine modification in the ligand binding sites of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors by GW9662. Biochemistry. 2002 May 28;41(21):6640-50. [Content Brief]
[2]. Seargent JM, et al. GW9662, a potent antagonist of PPARgamma, inhibits growth of breast tumor cells and promotes the anticancer effects of the PPARgamma agonist BRL 49653, independently of PPARgamma activation. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;143(8):933-7. [Content Brief]
[3]. Sato K, et al. PPARγ antagonist attenuates mouse immune-mediated bone marrow failure by inhibition of T cell function.Haematologica. 2016 Jan;101(1):57-67. [Content Brief]
[4]. Collino M, et al. The selective PPARgamma antagonist GW9662 reverses the protection of LPS in a model of renal ischemia-reperfusion. Kidney Int. 2005 Aug;68(2):529-36. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.6143 mL | 18.0714 mL | 36.1428 mL | 90.3571 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.7229 mL | 3.6143 mL | 7.2286 mL | 18.0714 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3614 mL | 1.8071 mL | 3.6143 mL | 9.0357 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2410 mL | 1.2048 mL | 2.4095 mL | 6.0238 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1807 mL | 0.9036 mL | 1.8071 mL | 4.5179 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1446 mL | 0.7229 mL | 1.4457 mL | 3.6143 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1205 mL | 0.6024 mL | 1.2048 mL | 3.0119 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0904 mL | 0.4518 mL | 0.9036 mL | 2.2589 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0723 mL | 0.3614 mL | 0.7229 mL | 1.8071 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0602 mL | 0.3012 mL | 0.6024 mL | 1.5060 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0452 mL | 0.2259 mL | 0.4518 mL | 1.1295 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0361 mL | 0.1807 mL | 0.3614 mL | 0.9036 mL |
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