HSV-1/HSV-2-IN-3

Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.

Antibody-based immunofluorescence/immunocytochemistry detects the cellular or subcellular localization of a target antigen by binding a primary antibody to the target and detecting that antibody directly with a fluorophore-conjugated primary antibody or indirectly with a fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody. Indirect immunofluorescence can amplify signal because multiple secondary antibodies can bind one primary antibody. The assay readout is fluorescence intensity and localization measured by fluorescence or confocal microscopy, and the result reflects antigen distribution only when the antibody has been validated for the target, sample type, fixation condition, and imaging workflow. Antibody specificity must not be assumed from catalog information alone, and appropriate validation or control experiments are required for serious interpretation.

Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) quantifies an amplifiable nucleic-acid target by monitoring fluorescence during PCR cycling rather than measuring product only after amplification. The increase in fluorescence tracks accumulation of PCR product, and the quantification cycle (Cq; historically also Ct/CP) is related to the initial amount of target: samples containing more starting target generally reach the defined fluorescence threshold in fewer cycles.