Cancer Models

2-Acetamidofluorene is a potent carcinogenan. 2-Acetamidofluorene is can be used fot induction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and multiple primary tumours.

N,N'-Dinitrosopiperazine (1,4-Dinitrosopiperazine; DNP) is a carcinogen with specificity for nasopharyngeal epithelium and facilitates NPC metastasis. N,N'-Dinitrosopiperazine regulates multiple signaling pathways through protein phosphorylation, including LYRIC at serine 568.

Okadaic acid ammonium salt, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid ammonium salt has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC₅₀=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC₅₀=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC₅₀=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC₅₀=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC₅₀=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid ammonium salt increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts as a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid ammonium salt induces tau phosphorylation.

FANFT is an orally active and potent uroepithelial carcinogen. FANFT is metabolized to ANFT in vivo, which induces gene mutations and malignant cell transformation. FANFT efficiently induces bladder tumors in mice.

Methyl yellow (Solvent Yellow 2) is a pH indicator. Methyl yellow appears red at low pH, and becomes yellow above pH 4.0.