PARL-IN-1 TFA

Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.

Mitophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria and functions as a mitochondrial quality-control pathway that removes damaged, depolarized, excess, or developmentally programmed mitochondria. The pathway links mitochondrial damage recognition, autophagosome recruitment, lysosomal delivery, and mitochondrial turnover to phenotypes such as mitochondrial homeostasis, oxidative-stress control, metabolic remodeling, differentiation, and neurodegeneration-related mitochondrial fidelity. The best-characterized damage-induced pathway is the PINK1-Parkin axis. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagic elimination, while mitochondrial depolarization stabilizes PINK1 on damaged mitochondria, recruits Parkin, and activates Parkin-dependent mitophagy. PINK1 also phosphorylates ubiquitin to activate Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and PINK1-driven ubiquitin phosphorylation creates a feed-forward signal for recruiting autophagy machi