Neurturin

Neurturin (NRTN) is a member of the GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) family of ligands, structurally defined by a cystine-knot motif and processing of a pre-pro-precursor into a secreted disulfide-linked homodimer. Neurturin binds the co-receptor GFRα2 with high specificity, and the complex engages the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, triggering autophosphorylation that activates MAPK, PI3K-AKT and Src-family cascades. Functionally, neurturin is a potent survival and trophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons, sympathetic and sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system, enteric neurons and renal epithelial branching. This neurotrophic profile made neurturin a leading candidate for Parkinson's disease gene therapy: AAV2-neurturin (CERE-120/Liaterminol taregene) delivered to the striatum aimed to restore dopaminergic function, with trials showing safety but mixed efficacy. Neurturin-GFRα2 signaling is likewise essential for parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands and cutaneous mechanoreceptors, and neurturin contributes to spermatogonial stem cell maintenance and neuropathic pain modulation.