Piceatannol and Pumpkin Seed Oil Synergistically Promote Apoptosis of PC3 Prostate Cancer Cells via Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway

  • ACS Omega. 2025 Nov 3;10(44):52202-52214. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c11639.
Mohammed Z Nasrullah  1 ,  Lenah S Binmahfouz  1 ,  Amina M Bagher  1 ,  Rawan H Hareeri  1 ,  Hawazen H Bin-Melaih  2 ,  Osama A Abuzinadah  2 ,  Azizah M Malebari  3 ,  Ashraf B Abdel-Naim  1 ,  Thikryat Neamatallah  1
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
  • 2. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
  • 3. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
PMID: 41244467 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c11639
Abstract

Purpose: Piceatannol (PIC) is a polyphenolic stilbene that occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables. Despite its well-documented Anticancer activity, PIC has poor pharmacokinetic properties. Pumpkin seed oil (PSO) has well-known antiproliferative activities on prostate cells. This study aimed to enhance the cytotoxicity of PIC in PC3 prostate adenocarcinoma cells by incorporating PIC into a PSO-based self-emulsifying drug delivery system (PIC-PSO SEDDS). Methods: PIC solubility was investigated along with PSO. Then, the percentage of selected components used in the formulation was optimized to achieve minimum globule size. Results: The optimized PIC-PSO SEDDS was evaluated for its cytotoxicity, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic activities, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in PC3 cells. The optimized formula exhibited a globule size of 576.00 ± 39.74 nm. PC3 cells treated with PIC-loaded PSO SEDDS had considerably higher antiproliferative activity than PIC, with an IC50 value of 6.37 ± 0.41 μM. Combination index analysis revealed strong synergistic interactions between PIC and PSO, with a value of 0.24. PIC-PSO SEDDS also caused considerable G2 arrest by downregulating CDK1 mRNA expression. In addition, the formulation significantly increased the apoptotic cell percentage, increased Caspase-3 concentration, upregulated Bax, and CYCS mRNA expression, and downregulated BCL2 mRNA expression. These effects were associated with enhanced generation of ROS and a decrease in MMP. Conclusion: Based on these results, incorporating PIC into PSO-based SEDDS improves its pro-apoptotic activity against PC3 cells. This involves, at least partly, induction of the intrinsic mitochondrial Apoptosis pathway.

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