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Pathways Recommended:	Anti-infection

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COVID-19 infections

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	ADC Payload (2) Akt (1) Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) (2) Antibiotic (16) Apoptosis (2) Autophagy (16) Bacterial (9) Cannabinoid Receptor (2) Caspase (1) Cathepsin (1) CHIKV (1) Complement System (6) Dengue Virus (1) DNA/RNA Synthesis (7) Drug Metabolite (2) Endogenous Metabolite (5) Enterovirus (1) ERK (2) Exosomes (5) FAAH (2) Factor Xa (1) Filovirus (2) Flavivirus (3) Fluorescent Dye (1) Fungal (3) Glucocorticoid Receptor (6) HBV (1) HCV (3) HIV (12) HSV (3) Human leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILR) (1) IKK (2) Influenza Virus (6) Integrin (1) Interleukin Related (1) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (8) JNK (2) Lactate Dehydrogenase (2) Mitophagy (6) MyD88 (1) NF-κB (1) Orthopoxvirus (1) p38 MAPK (2) Parasite (9) PI3K (1) PROTACs (1) Pyroptosis (1) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (3) Reference Standards (8) SARS-CoV (58) STAT (2) STING (1) TAM Receptor (1) Thrombin (1) Toll-like Receptor (TLR) (12) Tyrosinase (2) Virus Protease (10) VSV (3)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (23) Cardiovascular Disease (1) Endocrinology (4) Infection (63) Inflammation/Immunology (22) Metabolic Disease (4) Neurological Disease (6)
Oligonucleotides:	CpG ODNs (1)

Inhibitors & Agonists

Peptides

Inhibitory Antibodies

Natural
Products

Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Oligonucleotides

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-17589A

Chloroquine Maximum Cited Publications 1191 Publications Verification	Parasite Autophagy SARS-CoV Toll-like Receptor (TLR) HIV Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Chloroquine is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-17589

Chloroquine phosphate Maximum Cited Publications 1191 Publications Verification	Parasite Autophagy SARS-CoV Toll-like Receptor (TLR) HIV Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-135853

Molnupiravir 70+ Cited Publications EIDD-2801; MK-4482	SARS-CoV Influenza Virus	Infection
Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) is an orally bioavailable proagent of the ribonucleoside analog EIDD-1931. Molnupiravir has broad spectrum antiviral activity against influenza virus and multiple coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV. Molnupiravir has the potential for the research of COVID-19, and seasonal and pandemic influenza .

HY-16050

Plitidepsin 4 Publications Verification Aplidine; PM90001	DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV	Infection Cancer
Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 ( K_D=80 nM) . Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC₉₀ of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research .

HY-109509

Enoxaparin 1 Publications Verification PK 10169; Enoxaparin sodium	Factor Xa Thrombin SARS-CoV	Infection Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Enoxaparin (PK 10169), a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) derivative. Enoxaparin exerts anticoagulant activity through antithrombin III, an endogenous inhibitor of factor Xa and thrombin IIa. Enoxaparin protect the rat hippocampus against TBI (traumatic brain injury) via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Enoxaparin can be used for the research of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, TBI and COVID-19 .

HY-156654

Ibuzatrelvir 1 Publications Verification PF-07817883	SARS-CoV Virus Protease	Infection
Ibuzatrelvir (PF-07817883), a second-generation, orally bioavailable, is SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M ^pro and 3CL ^pro) inhibitor with improved metabolic stability. Ibuzatrelvir has demonstrated pan-human coronavirus antiviral activity and off-target selectivity profile in vitro and in preclinical animal studies. Ibuzatrelvir is well tolerated with a safety profile similar to placebo and prevents viral infection and transmission. Ibuzatrelvir can be used to inhibit COVID-19 .

HY-17589B

Chloroquine dihydrochloride Maximum Cited Publications 1191 Publications Verification	Parasite Autophagy SARS-CoV Toll-like Receptor (TLR) HIV Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Chloroquine dihydrochloride is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine dihydrochloride is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine dihydrochloride is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-168034

diABZI-4	STING Integrin NF-κB SARS-CoV	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
diABZI-4 is a STING activator and broad-spectrum antiviral agent with immunostimulatory activity. diABZI-4 triggers the TBK1-IRF3 and NF-κB signaling cascades by inducing STING oligomerization, thereby promoting the production of type I/III interferons and various proinflammatory cytokines. diABZI-4 exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity and effectively inhibits the replication of influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, herpes simplex virus, and other viruses. diABZI-4 also activates lymphocytes and macrophages to provide significant pre- and post-exposure protection in viral disease models. diABZI-4 can be used to study COVID-19, respiratory viral infections, and related immunopathological mechanisms .

HY-137048

PF-00835231 4 Publications Verification	SARS-CoV HIV HCV	Infection
PF-00835231 is a CoV-2 cysteine 3C-like protease (3CL ^pro) inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 0.27 nM and 4 nM for SARS CoV-2 and SARS CoV-1 3CL ^pro, respectively. PF-00835231 is developed for the research of anti-SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. PF-00835231 can inhibit cell infections and also suppress infections in animal models .

HY-P2295

Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans TFA 2 Publications Verification	SARS-CoV	Others
Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans TFA is a fluorogenic peptide. Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans TFA is used as the substrate to measure the enzymatic activities of protease forms. Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans TFA has the potential for study 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) infection .

HY-18649

Galidesivir hydrochloride 10+ Cited Publications BCX4430 hydrochloride; Immucillin-A hydrochloride	DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV Filovirus	Infection
Galidesivir (BCX4430) hydrochloride, an adenosine analog and a direct-acting antiviral agent, disrupts viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity. Galidesivir hydrochloride is active in vitro against many RNA viral pathogens, including the filoviruses and emerging infectious agents such as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Galidesivir hydrochloride inhibits some negative-sense RNA viruses with EC₅₀s ranging from ~3 to ~68 μM .

HY-18649A

Galidesivir 10+ Cited Publications BCX4430; Immucillin-A	DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV Filovirus	Infection
Galidesivir (BCX4430), an adenosine analog and a direct-acting antiviral agent, disrupts viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity. Galidesivir is active in vitro against many RNA viral pathogens, including the filoviruses and emerging infectious agents such as MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Galidesivir inhibits some negative-sense RNA viruses with EC₅₀s ranging from ~3 to ~68 μM .

HY-17015A

Peramivir 10+ Cited Publications RWJ-270201; BCX-1812	IKK JNK STAT p38 MAPK ERK	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Peramivir is an novel cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor of influenza virus. Peramivir has antiviral activity and anti-cytokines stom effects. Peramivir can be used for the research of COVID-19 .

HY-14648R

Dexamethasone (Standard) 355+ Cited Publications Hexadecadrol(Standard); Prednisolone F (Standard)	Reference Standards Exosomes Glucocorticoid Receptor SARS-CoV Autophagy Complement System Mitophagy Bacterial Antibiotic ADC Payload	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Endocrinology Cancer
Dexamethasone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dexamethasone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

HY-17589AR

Chloroquine (Standard) 1 Publications Verification	Reference Standards Parasite Autophagy SARS-CoV Toll-like Receptor (TLR) HIV Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Chloroquine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chloroquine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chloroquine is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-132191

Pradimicin A	Fungal SARS-CoV HIV	Infection
Pradimicin A is a potent antifungal agent with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg/mL against Candida rugosa. Pradimicin A exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other enveloped viruses. Pradimicin A exerts its fungicidal activity through a Ca ²⁺-dependent mechanism, which induces fungal lysis. Pradimicin A can be used in research related to fungal infections, HIV infections and COVID-19 .

HY-137958

Bemnifosbuvir hemisulfate 4 Publications Verification AT-527	HCV SARS-CoV	Infection
Bemnifosbuvir hemisulfate (AT-527), a hemisulfate salt of AT-511, a guanosine nucleotide proagent, is a potent and orally active HCV viral replication inhibitor. Bemnifosbuvir hemisulfate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₉₀=0.47 μM). Bemnifosbuvir hemisulfate has pangenotypic antiviral activity .

HY-Y0136

3-Indoleacetonitrile 2 Publications Verification	Endogenous Metabolite Influenza Virus HSV VSV	Infection
3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with anti-influenza activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV .

HY-160229

ssRNA40 sodium R-1075 sodium	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) MyD88 Caspase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Autophagy Pyroptosis HIV	Infection Neurological Disease
ssRNA40 sodium (R-1075 sodium) is a single-stranded RNA40 derived from HIV-1. ssRNA40 sodium activates the TLR7, TLR8, TLR2, RIG-I, MDA5, MyD88, Caspase-3, IRE1α, NLRP3 inflammasome and IRF7 signaling pathways. ssRNA40 sodium alters mRNA expression in neutrophils, induces pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS, autophagy (autophagy), pyroptosis (pyroptosis), neuronal death, neurodegeneration, aggregate formation and NK cell activation. ssRNA40 sodium activates the expression of CD62L, CD11b, CD69, MX1, OAS1, ATG7, LC3B and XBP1 in immune cell and neuronal populations. ssRNA40 sodium causes cortical neuron loss and axonal damage in mice in a TLR7-dependent manner. ssRNA40 sodium can be used in research on HIV-1 infection, neurodegeneration, *COVID-19* and HIV-associated neurological disorders .

HY-164485

INI-4001	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) SARS-CoV	Infection
INI-4001 is a TLR7/8 agonist and vaccine adjuvant. INI-4001 regulates innate and adaptive immune responses by activating murine TLR7 and human TLR7/TLR8. INI-4001 enhances IgG and neutralizing antibody responses against Powassan virus (POWV), reduces viral loads in the brain, liver and spleen, provides complete protection against lethal POWV challenge, and skews immune responses toward a Th1 phenotype. When INI-4001 is used in combination with Al (OH)₃ and SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen, it efficiently adsorbs to Al (OH)₃, promotes Th1 immunity and enhances SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses. INI-4001 is applicable to research related to Powassan virus infection and COVID-19 .

HY-137958A

Bemnifosbuvir 4 Publications Verification AT-511	HCV SARS-CoV	Infection
Bemnifosbuvir (AT-511) is a potent and orally active HCV viral replication inhibitor. Bemnifosbuvir is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₉₀=0.47 μM). Bemnifosbuvir has pangenotypic antiviral activity .

HY-17015

Peramivir trihydrate 10+ Cited Publications RWJ 270201 trihydrate; BCX 1812 trihydrate	Influenza Virus IKK JNK STAT p38 MAPK ERK	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Peramivir trihydrate (RWJ-270201 trihydrate) is a highly potent, selective and orally active influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.9 to 4.3 nM for nine NA subtypes .

HY-136303

GS-704277 3 Publications Verification	Drug Metabolite	Infection
GS-704277 is an alanine metabolite of Remdesivir (HY-104077). GS-704277 is further hydrolyzed to GA-441524 (HY-103586) with antiviral activity. Remdesivir, a nucleoside analogue with effective antiviral activity, is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection .

HY-17589R

Chloroquine phosphate (Standard) 190+ Cited Publications	Reference Standards Parasite Autophagy SARS-CoV Toll-like Receptor (TLR) HIV Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Chloroquine (phosphate) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Chloroquine (phosphate). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-14648S

Dexamethasone-d5 Hexadecadrol-d₅; Prednisolone F-d₅	Exosomes Glucocorticoid Receptor SARS-CoV Autophagy Complement System Mitophagy Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Endocrinology Cancer
Dexamethasone-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses .

HY-128788

ddhCTP	DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV Endogenous Metabolite Flavivirus Lactate Dehydrogenase	Infection
ddhCTP is an endogenously produced pyrimidine base analog with a K_d of 17.0 nM for LLDH and an IC₅₀ of 55.8 μM for GAPDH. By inhibiting key metabolic enzymes such as GAPDH, ddhCTP reduces glycolytic flux and shifts metabolic flow toward the pentose phosphate pathway, thereby regulating the redox balance of cells. As a competitive CTP analog, ddhCTP terminates RNA synthesis by flavivirus RdRps and SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, and inhibits Zika virus replication in vivo. ddhCTP can be used in studies related to viral infections, COVID-19 and Zika virus infections.

HY-145592

Ruzotolimod RO7020531; RG7854	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) SARS-CoV HBV	Infection
Ruzotolimod (RO7020531) is an orally active TLR7 agonist. Ruzotolimod inhibits WHV viral replication and, in combination with RO-7049389 (HY-145579), inhibits AAV-HBV viral load. Ruzotolimod can be used to study infection with *COVID-19* or SARS-CoV-2 .

HY-N6829

Retusin Quercetin-3,3',4',7-tetramethylether	Tyrosinase Fungal SARS-CoV Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Infection Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Retusin (Quercetin-3,3',4',7-tetramethylether) is a tyrosinase inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 50.9 μM and 51.8 μM against mushroom and intracellular tyrosinase, respectively. Retusin also acts as a free radical scavenger, melanogenesis inhibitor, anti-apoptosis agent, neuroprotective agent, antiemetic, antifungal agent, and antiviral agent. Retusin scavenges ABTS• ⁺ and DPPH• free radicals. Retusin can be used in studies related to hyperpigmentation, vomiting, Aspergillus niger infection, and COVID-19 infection .

HY-153228

Pomotrelvir 1 Publications Verification PBI-0451	SARS-CoV	Infection
Pomotrelvir is a selective, competitive, orally active covalent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M ^pro), with an IC₅₀ of 24 nM for wild-type SARS-CoV-2 M ^pro. Pomotrelvir inhibits viral polyprotein processing, thereby preventing viral replication. Pomotrelvir has shown broad antiviral activity against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants (including Omicron) in cell-based experiments, and has an additive effect when combined with nucleoside analogs that target viral RNA synthesis. Pomotrelvir is primarily used for the research and development of COVID-19 antiviral drugs, especially for infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants .

HY-P99226

Daxdilimab MEDI7734; VIB7734	SARS-CoV Human leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILR)	Cancer
Daxdilimab is an anti-ILT7 monoclonal antibody, ILT7 is a cell surface molecule specific to the pDC type of dendritic cells. Daxdilimab can be used in acute lung injury (ALI) in patients with COVID-19 infection research .

HY-17589AS

Chloroquine-d5 1 Publications Verification	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Parasite Autophagy SARS-CoV Toll-like Receptor (TLR) HIV	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Chloroquine-d₅ is deuterium labeled Chloroquine (HY-17589A). Chloroquine is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-P5407

HD5	SARS-CoV Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)	Infection Cancer
HD5 is an innate immune effector peptide and SARS-CoV Inhibitor. HD5 binds to the ligand-binding domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) via multiple hydrogen bonds to competitively block the receptor, shielding it from viral recognition. HD5 can be used for the research of COVID-19, HPV16 infection, epithelial ovarian cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and colon cancer .

HY-14648S3

Dexamethasone-4,6α,21,21-d4	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Glucocorticoid Receptor SARS-CoV Autophagy Complement System Mitophagy Bacterial Antibiotic	Metabolic Disease
Dexamethasone-4,6α,21,21-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Dexamethasone-4,6α,21,21. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

HY-P11032

Mp-4D7-pF2	SARS-CoV Virus Protease	Infection
Mp-4D7-pF2, a cell-penetrating bicyclic peptide, is a noncovalent SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 4.51 μM. Mp-4D7-pF2 has an antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with no cytotoxicity. Mp-4D7-pF2 can used for COVID-19 infections research .

HY-136597

Remdesivir O-desphosphate acetonide impurity 3 Publications Verification	DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV	Infection
Remdesivir O-desphosphate acetonide impurity is an impurity of Remdesivir. Remdesivir (GS-5734), a nucleoside analogue with effective antiviral activity and is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro .

HY-161844

Virapinib	SARS-CoV Dengue Virus	Infection
Virapinib is a macropinocytosis inhibitor with antiviral activity. Virapinib exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, monkeypox virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Ebola pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus, and it enhances Dengue Virus infection. Virapinib blocks viral entry by inhibiting macropinocytosis, reduces syncytium formation in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, and impairs cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Virapinib upregulates the expression of genes related to sterol biosynthesis. Virapinib can be used in studies related to COVID-19, monkeypox, tick-borne encephalitis, and Ebola virus infection .

HY-17589S1

Chloroquine-d4 phosphate	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Parasite Autophagy SARS-CoV Toll-like Receptor (TLR) HIV Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Chloroquine-d₄ (phosphate) is the deuterium labeled Chloroquine phosphate. Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-14648S5

Dexamethasone-d3-1 Hexadecadrol-d₃-1; Prednisolone F-d₃-1	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Antibiotic Autophagy Glucocorticoid Receptor SARS-CoV ADC Payload Mitophagy Complement System Bacterial Exosomes	Cancer
Dexamethasone-d₃-1 (Hexadecadrol-d₃-1; Prednisolone F-d₃-1) is a deuterium labeled Dexamethasone (HY-14648). Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

HY-177332

SLC-391	TAM Receptor SARS-CoV Akt	Infection Cancer
SLC-391 is an orally active AXL kinase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 9.6 nM against AXL kinase. SLC-391 inhibits Gas6-induced AXL-dependent phosphorylation of Akt. SLC-391 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection, entry and replication in cells. SLC-391 suppresses cancer cell proliferation. SLC-391 inhibits tumor growth in mouse solid tumor xenograft models. SLC-391 can be used for the research of COVID-19, influenza virus infection, triple-negative breast cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia and non-small cell lung cancer .

HY-152254

CB2R/FAAH modulator-3	FAAH Cannabinoid Receptor	Infection Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 (compound 27) is a dual targeting modulator that acts as a CB2R agonist and FAAH inhibitor. The K_i values for CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 are 20.1 and 67.6 nM for CB2R and CB1R, respectively, and the IC₅₀ value for FAAH is 3.4 μM. CB2R/FAAH modulator-3 can be used in studies related to cancer, deleterious inflammatory cascades occurring in neurodegenerative diseases, and COVID-19 infection .

HY-Y0136S1

3-Indoleacetonitrile-d4	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Endogenous Metabolite Influenza Virus HSV VSV	Infection
3-Indoleacetonitrile-d₄ is deuterium labeled 3-Indoleacetonitrile (HY-Y0136). 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with anti-influenza activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV.

HY-17589S

Chloroquine-d5 diphosphate	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Parasite Autophagy SARS-CoV Toll-like Receptor (TLR) HIV Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Chloroquine-d₅ (diphosphate) is the deuterium labeled Chloroquine (phosphate). Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-14648S2

Dexamethasone-d4 Hexadecadrol-d₄; Prednisolone F-d₄	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Exosomes Glucocorticoid Receptor SARS-CoV Autophagy Complement System Mitophagy Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Endocrinology Cancer
Dexamethasone-d₄ is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

HY-Y0136R

3-Indoleacetonitrile (Standard)	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite Influenza Virus HSV VSV	Metabolic Disease
3-Indoleacetonitrile (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Indoleacetonitrile. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with anti-influenza activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV .

HY-176229

Mpro/Cathepsin L-IN-2	SARS-CoV Cathepsin Virus Protease	Infection
Mpro/Cathepsin L-IN-2 (Compound 1) is a dual irreversible inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M ^pro, pIC₅₀=8.61) and human cathepsin L (hCTSL, pIC₅₀=7.64). Mpro/Cathepsin L-IN-2 is promising for research of COVID-19 and other coronavirus infections .

HY-145949

Remdesivir de(ethylbutyl 2-aminopropanoate)	Drug Metabolite	Infection
Remdesivir de(ethylbutyl 2-aminopropanoate) is an impurity of Remdesivir. Remdesivir, a nucleoside analogue with effective antiviral activity, has EC₅₀s of 74 nM for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in HAE cells, and 30 nM for murine hepatitis virus in delayed brain tumor cells. Remdesivir is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro .

HY-14648S1

Dexamethasone-d5-1 Hexadecadrol-d₅-1; Prednisolone F-d₅-1	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Exosomes Glucocorticoid Receptor SARS-CoV Autophagy Complement System Mitophagy Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Endocrinology Cancer
Dexamethasone-d₅-1 is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

HY-152253

CB2R/FAAH modulator-2	FAAH Cannabinoid Receptor	Infection Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
CB2R/FAAH modulator-2 (compound 26) is a dual targeting modulator that acts as a CB2R agonist and FAAH inhibitor. The K_i values for CB2R/FAAH modulator-2 are 10.8 and 152.9 nM for CB2R and CB1R, respectively, and the IC₅₀ value for FAAH is 6.2 μM. CB2R/FAAH modulator-2 can be used in studies related to cancer, deleterious inflammatory cascades occurring in neurodegenerative diseases, and COVID-19 infection .

HY-172350

WEHI-P8	SARS-CoV Virus Protease Interleukin Related	Infection
WEHI-P8 is an orally active SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 12 nM and a K_d of 9.0 nM. WEHI-P8 reduces viral load, body weight loss, pulmonary inflammation, immune cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory mediator levels in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. WEHI-P8 prevents pulmonary hemorrhage, immune cell infiltration, fibrotic remodeling and neuroinflammation, and improves cognitive function in a mouse model of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). WEHI-P8 is applicable for the research of COVID-19 and PASC .

HY-178445

PI3Kδ-IN-27	PI3K SARS-CoV	Infection
PI3Kδ-IN-27 is an PI3Kδ inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 355.3 nM. PI3Kδ-IN-27 exhibits anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. PI3Kδ-IN-27 can be used for the research of infection, such as COVID-19 .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-16050

Plitidepsin 4 Publications Verification Aplidine; PM90001	DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV	Infection Cancer
Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 ( K_D=80 nM) . Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC₉₀ of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research .

HY-P2295

Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans TFA 2 Publications Verification	SARS-CoV	Others
Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans TFA is a fluorogenic peptide. Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans TFA is used as the substrate to measure the enzymatic activities of protease forms. Dabcyl-KTSAVLQSGFRKME-Edans TFA has the potential for study 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) infection .

HY-P5407

HD5	SARS-CoV Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)	Infection Cancer
HD5 is an innate immune effector peptide and SARS-CoV Inhibitor. HD5 binds to the ligand-binding domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) via multiple hydrogen bonds to competitively block the receptor, shielding it from viral recognition. HD5 can be used for the research of COVID-19, HPV16 infection, epithelial ovarian cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and colon cancer .

HY-P11032

Mp-4D7-pF2	SARS-CoV Virus Protease	Infection
Mp-4D7-pF2, a cell-penetrating bicyclic peptide, is a noncovalent SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 4.51 μM. Mp-4D7-pF2 has an antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with no cytotoxicity. Mp-4D7-pF2 can used for COVID-19 infections research .

HY-16050R

Plitidepsin (Standard) Aplidine (Standard); PM90001 (Standard)	Reference Standards DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV	Infection Cancer
Plitidepsin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Plitidepsin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 ( K_D=80 nM) . Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC₉₀ of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research .

HY-P2296

Abz-FRLKGGAPIKGV-EDDNP TFA	Fluorescent Dye	Others
Abz-FRLKGGAPIKGV-EDDNP TFA is a fluorogenic substrate used to measure the enzymatic activities of protease forms, such as papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Abz-FRLKGGAPIKGV-EDDNP TFA has the potential for study 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) infection .

HY-P5407A

HD5 TFA	SARS-CoV Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE)	Infection Cancer
HD5 TFA is an innate immune effector peptide and SARS-CoV Inhibitor. HD5 TFA binds to the ligand-binding domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) via multiple hydrogen bonds to competitively block the receptor, shielding it from viral recognition. HD5 TFA can be used for the research of COVID-19, HPV16 infection, epithelial ovarian cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and colon cancer .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area	Image

HY-P99226

Daxdilimab MEDI7734; VIB7734	SARS-CoV Human leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILR)	Cancer
Daxdilimab is an anti-ILT7 monoclonal antibody, ILT7 is a cell surface molecule specific to the pDC type of dendritic cells. Daxdilimab can be used in acute lung injury (ALI) in patients with COVID-19 infection research .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-16050

Plitidepsin 4 Publications Verification Aplidine; PM90001	Microorganisms Marine natural products Other marine organisms Source Classification	DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV
Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 ( K_D=80 nM) . Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC₉₀ of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research .

HY-Y0136

3-Indoleacetonitrile 2 Publications Verification	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Influenza Virus HSV VSV
3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with anti-influenza activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV .

HY-N6829

Retusin Quercetin-3,3',4',7-tetramethylether	Flavonols Structural Classification Monophenols Flavonoids Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Classification of Application Fields Labiatae Phenols Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Tyrosinase Fungal SARS-CoV Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Retusin (Quercetin-3,3',4',7-tetramethylether) is a tyrosinase inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 50.9 μM and 51.8 μM against mushroom and intracellular tyrosinase, respectively. Retusin also acts as a free radical scavenger, melanogenesis inhibitor, anti-apoptosis agent, neuroprotective agent, antiemetic, antifungal agent, and antiviral agent. Retusin scavenges ABTS• ⁺ and DPPH• free radicals. Retusin can be used in studies related to hyperpigmentation, vomiting, Aspergillus niger infection, and COVID-19 infection .

HY-Y0136R

3-Indoleacetonitrile (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite Influenza Virus HSV VSV
3-Indoleacetonitrile (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Indoleacetonitrile. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with anti-influenza activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV .

HY-16050R

Plitidepsin (Standard) Aplidine (Standard); PM90001 (Standard)	Microorganisms Marine natural products Other marine organisms Source Classification	Reference Standards DNA/RNA Synthesis SARS-CoV
Plitidepsin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Plitidepsin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Plitidepsin (Aplidine) is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eEF1A2 ( K_D=80 nM) . Plitidepsin possesses antiviral activity and is against SARS-CoV-2 with an IC₉₀ of 0.88 nM. Plitidepsin is usually used for multiple myeloma and advanced cancer research, and has the potential for COVID-19 research .

HY-N15344

Euryachin E	Triterpenes Terpenoids Eurya chinensis R. Brown Pentaphylacaceae Plants Source Classification	Antibiotic Bacterial SARS-CoV
Euryachin E is an antimicrobial and antiviral agent found in Eurya chinensis. It exhibits a MIC of 6.25 μg/mL against B. cereus and 0.78 μg/mL against S. aureus. Its IC₅₀ against *COVID-19* is 6.41 μM. Euryachin E can be utilized for research in the fields of infection and inflammation .

HY-N14351

Ferrocin A	Natural Products Microorganisms Source Classification	SARS-CoV Bacterial Antibiotic
Ferrocin A is a lipopeptide compound that targets the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12). Ferrocin A can stably bind to nsp12, and as an iron-chelating peptide, it reduces the concentration of free iron in the environment via complexation, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth by repressing the acquisition of essential metal cations. As an iron-chelating antiviral molecule, Ferrocin A may be used in studies related to COVID-19 and bacterial infections .

HY-N6829R

Retusin (Standard) Quercetin-3,3',4',7-tetramethylether (Standard)	Flavonols Structural Classification Monophenols Flavonoids Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. Labiatae Phenols Plants Source Classification	Reference Standards Tyrosinase Fungal SARS-CoV Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Retusin (Quercetin-3,3',4',7-tetramethylether) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Retusin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Retusin is a tyrosinase inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 50.9 μM and 51.8 μM against mushroom and intracellular tyrosinase, respectively. Retusin also acts as a free radical scavenger, melanogenesis inhibitor, anti-apoptosis agent, neuroprotective agent, antiemetic, antifungal agent, and antiviral agent. Retusin scavenges ABTS• ⁺ and DPPH• free radicals. Retusin can be used in studies related to hyperpigmentation, vomiting, Aspergillus niger infection, and COVID-19 infection.

HY-N19923

Tercatain	Terminalia catappa L. Structural Classification Combretaceae Phenols Polyphenols Plants Source Classification	SARS-CoV Bacterial Virus Protease
Tercatain is a *COVID-19* main protease inhibitor with antibacterial activity. Tercatain exhibits antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum. Tercatain can be used for the research of COVID-19, and bacterial infections .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-14648S

Dexamethasone-d5

Dexamethasone-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses .

HY-17589AS

Chloroquine-d5 1 Publications Verification
Chloroquine-d₅ is deuterium labeled Chloroquine (HY-17589A). Chloroquine is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-14648S3

Dexamethasone-4,6α,21,21-d4

Dexamethasone-4,6α,21,21-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Dexamethasone-4,6α,21,21. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

HY-17589S1

Chloroquine-d4 phosphate

Chloroquine-d₄ (phosphate) is the deuterium labeled Chloroquine phosphate. Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-14648S5

Dexamethasone-d3-1

Dexamethasone-d₃-1 (Hexadecadrol-d₃-1; Prednisolone F-d₃-1) is a deuterium labeled Dexamethasone (HY-14648). Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

HY-Y0136S1

3-Indoleacetonitrile-d4

3-Indoleacetonitrile-d₄ is deuterium labeled 3-Indoleacetonitrile (HY-Y0136). 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with anti-influenza activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV.

HY-17589S

Chloroquine-d5 diphosphate

Chloroquine-d₅ (diphosphate) is the deuterium labeled Chloroquine (phosphate). Chloroquine phosphate is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory agent widely used to treat malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine phosphate is an autophagy and toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibitor. Chloroquine phosphate is highly effective in the control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection in vitro (EC₅₀=1.13 μM) .

HY-14648S2

Dexamethasone-d4

Dexamethasone-d₄ is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

HY-14648S1

Dexamethasone-d5-1

Dexamethasone-d₅-1 is deuterium labeled Dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. Dexamethasone also significantly decreases CD11b, CD18, and CD62L expression on neutrophils, and CD11b and CD18 expression on monocytes. Dexamethasone is highly effective in the control of COVID-19 infection. Dexamethasone inhibits production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA-155 in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory responses.

Cat. No.	Product Name		Classification

HY-160229

ssRNA40 sodium R-1075 sodium		CpG ODNs
ssRNA40 sodium (R-1075 sodium) is a single-stranded RNA40 derived from HIV-1. ssRNA40 sodium activates the TLR7, TLR8, TLR2, RIG-I, MDA5, MyD88, Caspase-3, IRE1α, NLRP3 inflammasome and IRF7 signaling pathways. ssRNA40 sodium alters mRNA expression in neutrophils, induces pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS, autophagy (autophagy), pyroptosis (pyroptosis), neuronal death, neurodegeneration, aggregate formation and NK cell activation. ssRNA40 sodium activates the expression of CD62L, CD11b, CD69, MX1, OAS1, ATG7, LC3B and XBP1 in immune cell and neuronal populations. ssRNA40 sodium causes cortical neuron loss and axonal damage in mice in a TLR7-dependent manner. ssRNA40 sodium can be used in research on HIV-1 infection, neurodegeneration, *COVID-19* and HIV-associated neurological disorders .

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