TMEM175 modulator 1

Two-electrode voltage clamp measures whole-oocyte membrane current from Xenopus oocytes expressing exogenous ion channels, receptors, or transporters; one intracellular microelectrode senses membrane voltage, and the second injects current so the amplifier can hold the membrane at command voltages while recording the compensating current as the functional readout. The method is suited to Xenopus oocytes because their large size supports microinjection and intracellular electrode impalement, but the large membrane area can limit voltage-clamp speed and accuracy, especially for large or fast currents.

Lysosome and acidic-vesicle live-cell staining detects acidic intracellular compartments by using membrane-permeant acidotropic probes that accumulate in low-pH vesicles, including lysosomes, late endosomes, autolysosomes, and acidic phagosomes. LysoTracker staining is commonly used as an intensity-based readout of acidic lysosomal compartment abundance or enlargement, while acridine orange produces green fluorescence in less concentrated compartments and red fluorescence after concentration-dependent accumulation in acidic vesicular organelles. Loss or reduction of acridine-orange red signal can be used as a readout of lysosomal membrane permeabilization or reduced acidic-vesicle integrity. This protocol is designed for live cultured cells and can be adapted for fluorescence microscopy, high-content imaging, plate-reader readout, or flow cytometry when the selected literature supports the readout. Because these dyes report acidotropic accumulation rather than lysosome identity alone,