2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride
Based on 1 Customer Validation
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (2MBC chloride) is an orally active short-chain branched-chain acylcarnitine and a gut microbiota co-metabolite produced from 2-methylbutyric acid via branched-chain amino acid catabolism. 2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride activates platelet integrin α2β1 (Kd = 10.6 μM), initiates the downstream p38‑cPLA2 signaling cascade, elevates TXA2 production, and thereby enhances platelet hyperreactivity. 2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride can be used in research on atherosclerosis and thrombosis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 98.92%
- Formula: C12H24ClNO4
- Molecular Weight:281.78
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Storage:
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
Description
IC50 & Target
[2]|
α2β1 10.6 μM (Kd) |
In Vitro
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (2MBC) (0.5-50 μM; 24 h) does not promote ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation in RAW264.7 macrophages, nor does it affect the mRNA expression of scavenger receptors such as Cd36, SR-A1, and LOX-1; it does not alter the mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and it also has no effect on the expression of genes related to inflammation, adhesion, and cholesterol metabolism in ox-LDL-stimulated HUVECs[1].
2‑Methylbutyrylcarnitine (2MBC) directly and specifically binds to purified integrin α2β1 protein with a KD of 10.6 mM[2].
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (0.5 mM; 30 min) enhances ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation in rat platelet-rich plasma in a dose-dependent manner; it potentiates agonist-stimulated aggregation responses in human platelet-rich plasma and washed human platelets[2].
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (0.5 mM; 60 min) increases the spreading of rat platelets on immobilized collagen by 94.5%; it enhances clot retraction, reducing clot volume in rat platelet-rich plasma[2].
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (0.5 mM; 30 min) increases TXB2 generation and arachidonic acid release in ADP-stimulated rat platelets, and enhances agonist-induced cPLA2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in rat platelets[2].
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (0.5 mM)-induced enhancement of mouse platelet aggregation, clot retraction, and cPLA2 phosphorylation is abolished by integrin α2 gene knockout[2].
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride is produced via in vitro transformation by gut microbiota from mouse feces[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:RAW264.7 macrophages
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Concentration:0.5 μM
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Did not produce changes in the relative mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Cell Line:human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)
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Concentration:0.5 μM
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Did not significantly change the relative mRNA expression levels of ICAM-1, MCP-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in ox-LDL-stimulated HUVECs.
Did not change the mRNA levels of SR-A1 and ABCA1 in ox-LDL-stimulated HUVECs.
In Vivo
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (2MBC) (50 μg/kg-100 mg/kg; i.p.; single dose; 2 h before detection) dose-dependently accelerates FeCl3-induced carotid artery thrombosis in mice[2].
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (100 μg/kg; i.p.; single dose; 2 h before detection) shortens the time to photochemical injury-induced carotid artery occlusion in mice by 38.6%[2].
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride (100 mg/kg; i.p.; single dose) increases mortality in a mouse model of thrombin-induced pulmonary artery thrombosis and nearly doubles pulmonary thrombus burden; inhibition of integrin α2β1 by BTT-3033 (HY-110112) reduces pulmonary thrombus formation in a mouse model of pulmonary artery thrombosis and blocks the prothrombotic effect in a mouse model of carotid artery injury; and integrin α2β1 knockout completely abolishes the prothrombotic effect of 2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride in mice[2].
2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride significantly elevates plasma D-dimer levels in a mouse model of venous stenosis thrombosis while reducing blood loss in the tail bleeding assay. Oral administration of 2-methylbutyric acid and refeeding in mice promote an increase in plasma 2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride levels[2].
The prothrombotic effect associated with 2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine chloride is mediated by 2MBA through the gut microbiota: this prothrombotic effect is eliminated by antibiotic treatment, and fecal microbiota transplantation restores the effect; SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to elevated plasma levels in hACE2 mice[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:C57BL/6J (male, 6-8 weeks old)[2]
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Dosage:50 μg/kg; 100 μg/kg; 100 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p. (single dose 2 h before assay)
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Result:Shortened the occlusion time in a dose-dependent manner via i.p. injection.
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Animal Model:C57BL/6J (female, 8 weeks old)[2]
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Dosage:100 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p.; single dose; 2 h before thrombin challenge
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Result:Increased the 30-min mortality rate to 83.3%.
Significantly increased the infarct size of lungs indicated by Evans blue staining.
Almost doubled the amount of thrombi in lung tissues compared with the control group.
Elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure and peak pulmonary velocity in experiments using a lower non-lethal thrombin dose (40 U/kg).
Shortened peak attainment time in pulmonary arteries in experiments using a lower non-lethal thrombin dose (40 U/kg).
Significantly increased plasma thromboxane B2 (TXB2) levels in experiments using a lower non-lethal thrombin dose (40 U/kg).
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Animal Model:C57BL/6J background integrin α2 knockout (α2-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates (male, 10 weeks old)[2]
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Dosage:100 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p.; single dose; 2 h before assay
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Result:Reduced the time to cessation of flow from 13 min 00 s to 6 min 40 s in WT mice.
Showed completely eliminated thrombosis-accelerating effect in α2-/- mice, with occlusion time at 16 min 00 s in the treated group compared with 17 min 15 s in the vehicle-treated α2-/- group.
Chemical Information
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 281.78
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Formula C12H24ClNO4
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
CCC(C)C(O[C@H](CC(O)=O)C[N+](C)(C)C)=O.[Cl-]
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Synonyms
2MBC chloride
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (354.89 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (291 KB)
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SDS (251 KB)
- English - EN (251 KB)
- Français - FR (251 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (251 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (251 KB)
- Español - ES (251 KB)
- Swedish - SV (251 KB)
- Italian - IT (251 KB)
- Korean - KR (251 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (251 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.5489 mL | 17.7443 mL | 35.4887 mL | 88.7217 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.7098 mL | 3.5489 mL | 7.0977 mL | 17.7443 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3549 mL | 1.7744 mL | 3.5489 mL | 8.8722 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2366 mL | 1.1830 mL | 2.3659 mL | 5.9148 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1774 mL | 0.8872 mL | 1.7744 mL | 4.4361 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1420 mL | 0.7098 mL | 1.4195 mL | 3.5489 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1183 mL | 0.5915 mL | 1.1830 mL | 2.9574 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0887 mL | 0.4436 mL | 0.8872 mL | 2.2180 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0710 mL | 0.3549 mL | 0.7098 mL | 1.7744 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0591 mL | 0.2957 mL | 0.5915 mL | 1.4787 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0444 mL | 0.2218 mL | 0.4436 mL | 1.1090 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0355 mL | 0.1774 mL | 0.3549 mL | 0.8872 mL |
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